Abstract: An object of the present invention is to provide a complex material in which an ion conduction film is curved and deformed when a potential difference is applied, which is operated at small electric power, has a large deformation amount, quick response performances, large degree of freedom in shape, and is easy in control of deformation, while having strength and durability necessary for practical use and being excellent in an economical aspect. A conductive cloth (preferably having stretchability), which is made conductive through plating of metal on a cloth or metal complex implantation, is joined as an electrode to both surfaces of the ion conduction film (the film in which an ion exchange film or ion liquid is immersed) made of a fluororesin and the like. When the potential difference is applied, the ion conduction film is deformed.

Abstract: An object of the present invention is to provide a complex material in which an ion conduction film is curved and deformed when a potential difference is applied, which is operated at small electric power, has a large deformation amount, quick response performances, large degree of freedom in shape, and is easy in control of deformation, while having strength and durability necessary for practical use and being excellent in an economical aspect. A conductive cloth (preferably having stretchability), which is made conductive through plating of metal on a cloth or metal complex implantation, is joined as an electrode to both surfaces of the ion conduction film (the film in which an ion exchange film or ion liquid is immersed) made of a fluororesin and the like. When the potential difference is applied, the ion conduction film is deformed.

Abstract: An improved drive apparatus for a LC display screen is provided. The inventioned drive apparatus includes a programmable time setting means for changing drive currents in accordance with the size of the LC display screen. Depending upon the size of the LC display screen, it is necessary to change the drive current for charging up the display as promptly as possible at an initial stage of operation. The inventioned drive apparatus includes at least one time setting register means for programmably pre-setting a time according to the size of the display screen and a circuit selection means for providing a low resistor selection signal and a high resistor selection signal in accordance with the pre-set time of the time setting means.

Abstract: A microcomputer incorporates an EPROM for storing programs and data which a CPU executes, and includes, as operating modes, a microcomputer mode for operating as a microcomputer, a test mode for testing the operation of the CPU and an EPROM mode for writing in and reading from the EPROM. A test terminal of the microcomputer is used for mode switching control, i.e., used as a power supply testing/programming terminal. By the logic level of this terminal, switching between the microcomputer mode and the test mode is performed, and a programming voltage is also supplied. By a control terminal, which is another terminal, switching between the test mode and the EPROM mode is performed.