Abstract: A liquid developer includes at least toner particles and an insulating liquid. The toner particles include a resin and a color material dispersed in the resin. 90 mass % or more of the insulating liquid is aliphatic saturated hydrocarbon having a carbon number of 11 to 16, and 20 to 60 mass % of the insulating liquid is aliphatic saturated hydrocarbon having a carbon number of 11 to 12.

Abstract: A liquid developer includes toner particles, an insulating liquid, and a dispersant, and is characterized in that the toner particles includes a resin and a pigment dispersed in the resin, the resin includes a polyester resin, the dispersant includes a basic polymeric dispersant, and a solid obtained by drying the liquid developer has a melting point of at least 55° C.

Abstract: Provided is a liquid development apparatus having a constitution in which liquid developer containing carrier liquid with toner dispersed therein is supplied from a liquid developer/cleaning liquid supply member on a pool forming member arranged facing to a supply roller so as to form a pool of the liquid developer, from which pool the liquid developer is supplied to the supply roller, wherein a liquid developer/cleaning liquid supply member supplies cleaning liquid on a pool forming member to form a suitable pooling portion of the cleaning liquid and the liquid developer remaining on the surface of the supply roller is removed and cleaned.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes a section for obtaining a property of a recording material; an adjusting section for adjusting a toner amount of a toner image formed by development depending on the property of the recording material; a charging section for charging the toner image before transfer; and a controlling section for adjusting a charging quantity by the charging section depending on the toner amount, where an appropriate quantity of charge depending on the toner amount is provided to the toner image before transfer to the recording material. Depending on the property of the recording material, an appropriate toner amount is transferred at a high transfer efficiency, and uniformity of a solid concentration is ensured.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus including a toner charge amount control portion for controlling the toner charge amount based on the property of a recording material; a recording material charging section for charging the surface of the recording material based on the toner charge amount controlled by the aforementioned toner charge amount control portion; and a recording media charge amount control portion for controlling the amount of charge on the surface of a recording material applied by the recording material charging section.

Abstract: This invention provides a developer concentration adjustment apparatus, a method for concentration adjustment, and an image forming apparatus, in which concentration adjustment is performed by use of a stirring load as a substitute characteristic of viscosity which represents a developer concentration, wherein a trouble of abnormality generation in toner concentration detection due to drying-adhesion of a residual developer on the stirrer is reduced. At the time of finishing the concentration adjustment, a concentration adjustment tank is made to be empty and the stirrer is cleaned by carrier liquid or a liquid developer having a concentration lower than a predetermined concentration. Alternatively, the stirrer is cleaned by empty-stirring operation not being put in a cleaning developer.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus including a toner charge amount control portion for controlling the toner charge amount based on the property of a recording material; a recording material charging section for charging the surface of the recording material based on the toner charge amount controlled by the aforementioned toner charge amount control portion; and a recording media charge amount control portion for controlling the amount of charge on the surface of a recording material applied by the recording material charging section.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus comprising: a section for obtaining a property of a recording material; an adjusting section for adjusting a toner amount of a toner image formed by development depending on the property of the recording material; a charging section for charging the toner image before transfer; and a controlling section for adjusting a charging quantity by the charging section depending on the toner amount, wherein an appropriate quantity of charge depending on the toner amount is given to the toner image before transfer to the recording material, thus depending on the property of the recording material, an appropriate toner amount is transferred at a high transfer efficiency, and uniformity of a solid concentration is ensured.

Abstract: A brush charger for static-charging a photosensitive drum by a contact method has a charging brush roller. The charging brush roller has a brush of a large number of conductive fibers, and the brush is wound around a conductive support spirally. The conductive fibers are 1.5 to 4 deniers in thickness D, are 2 mm in length L and are planted at a density not less than 150,000 filaments/inch2, and the thickness D and the length L of the conductive fibers meet the condition, D?0.71L?1.61.

Abstract: A brush charger for static-charging a photosensitive drum by a contact method has a charging brush roller. The charging brush roller has a brush of a large number of conductive fibers, and the brush is wound around a conductive support spirally. The conductive fibers are 1.5 to 4 deniers in thickness D, are 2 mm in length L and are planted at a density not less than 150,000 filaments/inch2, and the thickness D and the length L of the conductive fibers meet the condition, D≧0.71L−1.61.

Abstract: A displaying apparatus comprises a light-conducting body having first and second peripheral surfaces extending in the X and Y directions, respectively. A light source is provided adjacent to and along the second peripheral surface for emitting light through the second peripheral surface into the light-conducting body. A displaying element is opposed to the light-conducting body for performing display, using light projected from the light-conducting body toward the displaying element. The light-conducting body is formed with a curved region having first and second radii of curvature with respect to the X and Y directions, respectively. The first radius of curvature is equal to or greater than the second radius of curvature. The light source includes a plurality of separate light-emitters arranged along the Y direction.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes a first conductive member, a photoelectric transfer layer mounted on the first conductive member, a surface electrode mounted adjacent to the photoelectric transfer layer but away from the first conductive layer, a dielectric layer opposed to the surface electrode, a second conductive member mounted on one surface of the dielectric layer away from the photoelectric transfer layer. A first power supply is provided for applying a voltage V.sub.c between first and second conductive members and a second power supply is provided for applying a voltage V.sub.b between the surface electrode and the second conductive member. The image forming apparatus satisfies following relationship:V.sub.b >(5.5)V.sub.c -(1+5.5/D.sub.p)(312+6.2D.sub.a)whereinV.sub.b : Voltage between surface electrode and second conductive member;V.sub.c : Voltage between first and second conductive members;D.sub.p : Thickness of photoelectric transfer layer; andD.sub.

Abstract: A contact charging device, in which a contact member for charging has a surface including a contact portion to be in contact with a charge receiving member as well as a charge contributing portion having a surface resistivity (.rho.s) of 1.times.10.sup.5 .OMEGA./.quadrature. or less. A maximum distance between the contributing portion and the charge receiving member is in a range from 5 .mu.m to 60 .mu.m. Alternatively, an electric power formed of a DC component is applied to the contact member to produce a potential difference in a range from 550 v to 750 v between the applied power and a potential at the surface of the charge receiving member before being charged by the electric power.

Abstract: An electrostatic recording apparatus 1 for forming an electrostatic image on an electric charge carrying member 2 comprises a photoelectric transfer member 14 spaced from the electric charge carrying member 2, a floating electrode 16 provided on a first surface of the photoelectric transfer member 14, an electric power supply 27 for applying a voltage between the second surface of the photoelectric transfer member 14 and the second surface of the electric charge carrying member 2, and an exposure device 8 for exposing a second surface of the photoelectric transfer member 14. The floating electrode 16 having an electric discharge terminal 18a close to the electric charge carrying member 2.

Abstract: The present invention provides a contact charging device, in which a contact member for charging is in contact with a charge receiving member for charging the same while suppressing charging irregularity. The contact member has a surface to be in contact with the charge receiving member. This surface has a volume resistivity in a range from 1.times.10.sup.4 .OMEGA..multidot.cm to 1.times.10.sup.10 .OMEGA..multidot.cm, and has a surface resistivity in a range from 1.times.10.sup.5 .OMEGA./.quadrature. to 1.times.10.sup.10 .OMEGA./.quadrature..Alternatively, the contact member has a surface to be in contact with the charge receiving member. This surface of the contact member has a surface hardness which provides a scratch width of 1 .mu.m or less under scratch hardness test.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus of the present invention comprises an image carrying member 2, a photosensitive member 9, a first voltage applying means 13, and an exposure means 5. The image carrying member 2 has an insulating layer 25 formed on a first conductive layer 23. The photosensitive member 9 has a photosensitive layer 93 formed on a second conductive layer 92. The photosensitive member 9 is supported so that the photosensitive layer 93 is opposed to the insulating layer 25 of the image carrying member 2. The first voltage applying means 13 applies a voltage between the first conductive layer 25 and the second conductive layer 92. A pattern-like surface electrode layer 98 is formed on the surface of the photosensitive layer 93 opposed to the image carrying member 2. A second voltage applying means 14 applies a bias voltage to the surface electrode layer 98.