Abstract: Provided is an ultrasonic sensor including a piezoelectric elements arranged along a first direction and a second direction on a vibration plate, an insulation layer, and conductive lines. Each piezoelectric element including a first electrode, a piezoelectric layer, and a second electrode. The first electrode is partially removed in a regions between the piezoelectric elements. The second electrode is a separate electrode provided for each piezoelectric element. The insulation layer covers the second electrodes and has holes through which portions at opposite ends of the second electrodes along the first direction are partially exposed. Each conductive line is provided between adjacent ones of the second electrodes along the first direction and electrically connects, via the holes, the adjacent ones of the second electrodes.

Abstract: An ultrasonic sensor which includes a substrate where an opening section is formed, a vibration plate that is provided on the substrate so as to close the opening section, and a piezoelectric element that is layered on a surface of the vibration plate on an opposite side to the opening section and includes a first electrode, a piezoelectric element, and a second electrode, includes a reflection layer that is provided in a space around the piezoelectric element on the surface of the vibration plate on an opposite side to the opening section, to reflect other ultrasonic waves which are transmitted in a different direction from a transmitted ultrasonic wave transmitted to a measuring target side on an interface between the piezoelectric element and the reflection layer, and has a thickness so as to superimpose other ultrasonic waves on the transmitted ultrasonic wave.

Abstract: A compound represented by the following general formula (1) or a salt thereof. R1 represents a halogen atom and so on; R2 and R3 each represent a hydrogen atom and so on; R4 and R5 each represent a hydrogen atom and so on, or R4 and R5 may form an oxo group; Ra and Rb each represent a lower alkyl group optionally having a substituent and so on, or they may bind to each other to form a nitrogen-containing heterocyclic ring which may be substituted by one or plural Rc; Rc represents an aryl group optionally having a substituent and so on; ring A represents a benzene ring and so on; and m represents 0, 1 or 2.

Abstract: A power control system includes an image forming apparatus, a power calculating unit, and a condition controller. The image forming apparatus operates using power, forms an image corresponding to image information in a first operation mode, and enters a second operation mode in which power consumption is smaller than the first operation mode when the image forming apparatus satisfies a specific transition condition. The power calculating unit calculates power supplied from a power supplying unit. The condition controller controls the specific transition condition for the image forming apparatus in accordance with the power calculated by the power calculating unit.

Abstract: A piezoelectric element comprises a piezoelectric film which comprises perovskite type crystals at least including Pb, Ti, and Zr, and an electrode which is provided to the piezoelectric film. A diffraction peak position (2?) of X-rays derived from a (100) plane of the piezoelectric film is from 21.89 to 21.97, and a half-peak width (2?) of a (200) plane is from 0.30 to 0.50.

Abstract: A liquid ejecting head includes a passage-forming substrate provided with a pressure-generating chamber communicating with a nozzle orifice for ejecting a liquid and includes a piezoelectric element including a diaphragm disposed on the passage-forming substrate, a first electrode disposed on the diaphragm, a piezoelectric layer disposed on the first electrode, and second electrode disposed on the piezoelectric layer. The diaphragm includes a metal oxide layer of a metal oxide formed by a gas-phase method and a zirconium oxide layer of zirconium oxide formed by a liquid-phase method.

Abstract: Provided is a piezoelectric element which includes a first electrode, a piezoelectric body layer provided on the first electrode, a second electrode provided on the piezoelectric body layer, and a protection film constituted by a silicon oxide layer that is formed using trimethoxysilane and a liquid-phase zirconia layer, in which the protection film is formed to extend from upper portions of the first electrode and the second electrode to boundary portions between the electrodes and the piezoelectric body layers.

Abstract: A compound represented by the following general formula (1) or a salt thereof. R1 represents a halogen atom and so on; R2 and R3 each represent a hydrogen atom and so on; R4 and R5 each represent a hydrogen atom and so on, or R4 and R5 may form an oxo group; Ra and Rb each represent a lower alkyl group optionally having a substituent and so on, or they may bind to each other to form a nitrogen-containing heterocyclic ring which may be substituted by one or plural Rc; Rc represents an aryl group optionally having a substituent and so on; ring A represents a benzene ring and so on; and m represents 0, 1 or 2.

Abstract: A piezoelectric device includes a first electrode and a facing second electrode, with a piezoelectric layer therebetween. The first electrode includes a first conductive layer, a first intermediate layer that contacts the first conductive layer, a second intermediate layer that contacts the first intermediate layer, and a second conductive layer that contacts the second intermediate layer and the piezoelectric layer. The first conductive layer contains a metal and an alloy. The metal is Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Nb, Ta, Cr, Mo, W, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Ag, or Au, and the alloy contains at least one of the foregoing metals. The first intermediate layer contains a nitrogen compound. The second intermediate layer contains a metal and an alloy. The metal is Ti, Zr, W, Ta, or Al, and the alloy contains at least two of the foregoing metals. The second conductive layer contains a conductive oxide.

Abstract: A liquid ejecting head includes a piezoelectric element, which is provided above a zirconium oxide layer having a piezoelectric layer and an electrode provided on the piezoelectric layer, in which the zirconium oxide layer is formed through a liquid-phase method and preferentially oriented with a (111) plane.

Abstract: A piezoelectric element includes a first electrode disposed on a substrate, a piezoelectric layer disposed on the first electrode, a second electrode disposed on the piezoelectric layer, and a resin layer that covers at least the side surfaces of the first electrode. The first electrode includes a metal layer and an anti-oxidation layer. The metal layer is formed of a base metal. The anti-oxidation layer is disposed between the metal layer and the piezoelectric layer to prevent contact between the metal layer and the piezoelectric layer.

Abstract: A power control system includes an image forming apparatus, a power calculating unit, and a condition controller. The image forming apparatus operates using power, forms an image corresponding to image information in a first operation mode, and enters a second operation mode in which power consumption is smaller than the first operation mode when the image forming apparatus satisfies a specific transition condition. The power calculating unit calculates power supplied from a power supplying unit. The condition controller controls the specific transition condition for the image forming apparatus in accordance with the power calculated by the power calculating unit.

Abstract: Provided is a liquid ejecting head including a piezoelectric element which includes a piezoelectric layer and electrodes provided on the piezoelectric layer on an upper portion of a zirconium oxide layer, in which the zirconium oxide layer is formed of granular crystal grains.

Abstract: A production method of a piezoelectric element which includes an insulating film, a first electrode provided on the insulating film, a piezoelectric layer that is provided on the first electrode and is made of a composite oxide having a perovskite structure containing lead, zirconium, and titanium, and a second electrode provided on the piezoelectric layer on the opposite side to the first electrode, includes: forming and patterning the first electrode on the insulating film; forming island-shaped lanthanum nickel oxide portions over the insulating film and the first electrode; and forming a piezoelectric precursor film over the insulating film and the first electrode, and forming the piezoelectric layer having a piezoelectric film that is crystallized by baking the piezoelectric precursor film.

Abstract: Provided are a droplet-ejecting head having good displacement and a droplet-ejecting apparatus. The droplet-ejecting head includes a pressure chamber; a piezoelectric element which includes a first electrode, a second electrode, and a piezoelectric layer disposed between the first electrode and the second electrode, the piezoelectric layer being made of a lead zirconate titanate; and a nozzle plate having a nozzle orifice communicating with the pressure chamber. The first electrode includes at least one lanthanum nickelate layer which is located on the piezoelectric layer side. The piezoelectric layer has a distribution in which the concentration of lanthanum and nickel decrease from the interface between the lanthanum nickelate layer and the piezoelectric layer toward the second electrode. Lanthanum is locally distributed in the piezoelectric layer. Nickel is globally distributed in the piezoelectric layer so as to have a plurality of peaks. At least one of the peaks is split.

Abstract: A piezoelectric element comprises a piezoelectric film which comprises perovskite type crystals at least including Pb, Ti, and Zr, and an electrode which is provided to the piezoelectric film. A diffraction peak position (2?) of X-rays derived from a (100) plane of the piezoelectric film is from 21.89 to 21.97, and a half-peak width (2?) of a (200) plane is from 0.30 to 0.50.

Abstract: A liquid jet head includes: a nozzle plate having a nozzle opening; a pressure chamber substrate having a pressure chamber communicating with the nozzle opening and formed above the nozzle plate; a vibration formed on one side of the pressure chamber substrate; and a piezoelectric element formed above the vibration plate and provided at a position corresponding to the pressure chamber, wherein the piezoelectric element includes two electrodes, a piezoelectric layer provided between the electrodes, and an orientation layer that is provided between one of the electrodes closer to the vibration plate and the piezoelectric layer, wherein the orientation layer includes a mixed crystal of lanthanum nickelate, and the lanthanum nickelate included in the mixed crystal is expressed by a formula LaxNiyOz, where x is an integer of any of 1 to 3, y is 1 or 2, and z is an integer of any of 2 to 7.

Abstract: A production method of a piezoelectric element which includes an insulating film, a first electrode provided on the insulating film, a piezoelectric layer that is provided on the first electrode and is made of a composite oxide having a perovskite structure containing lead, zirconium, and titanium, and a second electrode provided on the piezoelectric layer on the opposite side to the first electrode, includes: forming and patterning the first electrode on the insulating film; forming island-shaped lanthanum nickel oxide portions over the insulating film and the first electrode; and forming a piezoelectric precursor film over the insulating film and the first electrode, and forming the piezoelectric layer having a piezoelectric film that is crystallized by baking the piezoelectric precursor film.

Abstract: The piezoelectric element includes a first electrode disposed on a substrate, a piezoelectric material layer disposed on the first electrode, a second electrode disposed on the piezoelectric material layer, and a protective film covering at least a side surface of the piezoelectric material layer. The side surface of the piezoelectric material layer has a plurality of grooves extending along the direction from the second electrode toward the first electrode.

Abstract: A piezoelectric element includes a first electrode disposed on a substrate, a piezoelectric layer disposed on the first electrode, a second electrode disposed on the piezoelectric layer, and a resin layer that covers at least the side surfaces of the first electrode. The first electrode includes a metal layer and an anti-oxidation layer. The metal layer is formed of a base metal. The anti-oxidation layer is disposed between the metal layer and the piezoelectric layer to prevent contact between the metal layer and the piezoelectric layer.