Abstract: A vehicle air-conditioning device is a heat pump type vehicle air-conditioning device including an external heat exchanger that performs heat exchange between refrigerant flowing the inside thereof and outside air. With the vehicle air-conditioning device, a controller functions as a temperature-difference calculation unit that calculates the temperature difference ?T between the refrigerant in a refrigerant flow path on the exit side of the external heat exchanger and the outside air, and in addition, the controller functions as a frost formation determination unit that determines that frost formation is caused on the external heat exchanger on the basis of the elapsed time to of a state in which the temperature difference ?T is equal to or larger than a frost-formation temperature difference at which the frost formation may be caused on the external heat exchanger.

Abstract: An air-conditioning device includes: a frost formation determination unit configured to determine a frost risk state of an outdoor hot exchanger based on an accumulated time wherein a difference between a temperature detected by an outdoor air temperature detector and a temperature detected by a coolant temperature detector is the same or greater than a frost temperature difference; and an operation control unit configured to control a compressor and a blower so that air led into the cabin reaches a target blowout temperature set based on a required heating performance, and to execute a regular heating operation. In the event of the frost formation determination unit determining the frost risk state, the operation control unit is configured to execute a frost suppression operation wherein the air flow amount by the blower is increased while the target blowout temperature is decreased in comparison with the regular heating operation.

Abstract: A vehicle air-conditioning device is a heat pump type vehicle air-conditioning device including an external heat exchanger that performs heat exchange between refrigerant flowing the inside thereof and outside air. With the vehicle air-conditioning device, a controller functions as a temperature-difference calculation unit that calculates the temperature difference ?T between the refrigerant in a refrigerant flow path on the exit side of the external heat exchanger and the outside air, and in addition, the controller functions as a frost formation determination unit that determines that frost formation is caused on the external heat exchanger on the basis of the elapsed time to of a state in which the temperature difference ?T is equal to or larger than a frost-formation temperature difference at which the frost formation may be caused on the external heat exchanger.

Abstract: The present invention of a manufacturing method and a apparatus for manufacturing an image pickup device integrated with lens in which a lens holding part having an optical lens is automatically adjusted with respect to a package on which an imaging chip is mounted so that an optical image from an optical axis adjusting pattern is formed on the image plane of the imaging chip and the lens holding part and the package are fixed to each other with an adhesive used therebetween as a position adjusting member at the adjusted position, and an image pickup device integrated with lens thus manufactured having excellent properties.