Abstract: A precursor to an electron source, having a capability for extending the life of an image display device by substantially preventing 1) a degradation in a degree of vacuum provided in an image display apparatus, 2) short-circuiting between adjacent wire electrodes via a getter, and 3) a degradation in performance characteristics of the electron source, even when used for a long time period. The electron source is for coupling to an image display member to form an image display apparatus, and the image display member is for displaying an image in response to being irradiated by electrons. The precursor preferably comprises a substrate, and an antistatic film provided on a surface of the substrate at a region where electron emitting devices are to be disposed on the precursor to form the electron source, but not on a region of that surface to be coupled to the image display member.

Abstract: An electron source includes a substrate, a coating layer provided on the substrate, plural electron emission elements disposed on the coating layer, and a metal for connecting the plural electron emission elements. The electron emission element includes a conductive film including the electron emission part disposed on the coating layer, with the conductive film being connected to a wiring line with a conductive member for blocking the metals contained in the wiring lines from being transferred to the conductive film.

Abstract: An active matrix-type liquid crystal device is constituted by a pair of substrates, a chiral smectic liquid crystal composition disposed between the pair of substrates so as to form a plurality of pixels, and a plurality of active elements provided to the pixels, respectively, for driving the liquid crystal device in a matrix driving scheme. The chiral smectic liquid crystal composition may preferably comprise at least two specific fluorine-containing mesomorphic compounds and assume two stable states between which a threshold voltage for switching from one of the two stable states to the other stable state is different from a threshold voltage for switching from the other stable state to said one of the two stable states and liquid crystal molecules of the liquid crystal composition change their alignment states so as to provide a halftone state depending on a voltage applied to the chiral smectic liquid crystal.

Abstract: An electron source includes a substrate, a coating layer provided on the substrate, plural electron emission elements disposed on the coating layer, and a metal for connecting the plural electron emission elements. The electron emission element includes a conductive film including the electron emission part disposed on the coating layer, with the conductive film being connected to a wiring line with a conductive member for blocking the metals contained in the wiring lines from being transferred to the conductive film.

Abstract: A precursor to an electron source, having a capability for extending the life of an image display device by substantially preventing 1) a degradation in a degree of vacuum provided in an image display apparatus, 2) short-circuiting between adjacent wire electrodes via a getter, and 3) a degradation in performance characteristics of the electron source, even when used for a long time period. The electron source is for coupling to an image display member to form an image display apparatus, and the image display member is for displaying an image in response to being irradiated by electrons. The precursor preferably comprises a substrate, and an antistatic film provided on a surface of the substrate at a region where electron emitting devices are to be disposed on the precursor to form the electron source, but not on a region of that surface to be coupled to the image display member.

Abstract: A matrix-type liquid crystal device is formed so as to have a matrix of pixels defined by and isolated from each other by an outside-pixel region. The liquid crystal in the outside-pixel region in placed in an alignment state, typically a homeotropic state or one close thereto, which is different from an alignment state, typically a homogeneous uniform alignment state, at the pixel region. As a result, the liquid crystal device is provided with improved display qualities due to suppression of irregularities at the outside-pixel region and/or a local pressure distribution.

Abstract: A liquid crystal device is formed by a pair of substrates each having thereon electrodes, and a liquid crystal disposed between the substrates so as to be movable along surfaces of the substrates. The liquid crystal is disposed over regions extending between the surfaces of the substrates including an effective optical modulation region, a first peripheral region outside the effective optical modulation region and a second peripheral region formed along a part or an entirety of outer periphery of the first peripheral region. The liquid crystal is disposed to have a higher liquid crystal molecular pretilt angle in the first peripheral region than in the effective optical modulation region. The liquid crystal is disposed in a random alignment state free from uniaxial alignment characteristic or in a layer structure in the second peripheral region.