Abstract: Compositions, systems and methods of sequencing are disclosed, where the compositions and systems include polymerase enzymes that have been genetically modified to more efficiently incorporate nucleotides including labels having a detectable properties that are released during incorporation, to augment a rate of labeled nucleotide incorporation, to augment a rate of pyrophosphate release, or to augment two or more of these properties and rates. Also disclosed are terminally labeled and dual labeled nucleotides, and click-chemistry based methods of synthesizing the same.

Abstract: A novel and efficient single pot synthetic schemes are disclosed for preparing modified nucleotides, nucleotide analogs, nucleotide polyphosphates, and nucleotide polyphosphate analogs. The novel method is used to prepare nucleotides, nucleotide analogs, nucleotide polyphosphates, and nucleotide polyphosphate analogs having non-persistent or persistent and non-persistent modifications. Novel biomolecular reactions are also disclosed using the novel modified biomolecules disclosed herein.

Abstract: Support surfaces are disclosed that are designed to support molecules or molecular assemblies immobilized thereon so that the molecules or molecular assemblies can be observed in single molecule detections systems, where the support surfaces have reduced background and the fluorescent labels associated with the immobilized molecules or molecular assemblies have longer active lifetimes prior to permanent photo-bleaching or deactivation and have improve fluorescence properties and where the surfaces have more uniform fluorescent properties.