Abstract: The present disclosure provides a semiconductor structure, including a substrate having a front surface, a first semiconductor layer proximal to the front surface, a second semiconductor layer over the first semiconductor layer, a gate having a portion between the first semiconductor layer and the second semiconductor layer, a spacer between the first semiconductor layer and the second semiconductor layer, contacting the gate, and a source/drain (S/D) region, wherein the S/D region is in direct contact with a bottom surface of the second semiconductor layer, and the spacer has an upper surface interfacing with the second semiconductor layer, the upper surface including a first section proximal to the S/D region, a second section proximal to the gate, and a third section between the first section and the second section.

Abstract: A semiconductor device structure, along with methods of forming such, are described. The structure includes a first source/drain epitaxial feature, a second source/drain epitaxial feature disposed adjacent the first source/drain epitaxial feature, a first dielectric layer disposed between the first source/drain epitaxial feature and the second source/drain epitaxial feature, a first dielectric spacer disposed under the first dielectric layer, and a second dielectric layer disposed under the first dielectric layer and in contact with the first dielectric spacer. The second dielectric layer and the first dielectric spacer include different materials.

Abstract: According to one example, a semiconductor device includes a substrate and a fin stack that includes a plurality of nanostructures, a gate device surrounding each of the nanostructures, and inner spacers along the gate device and between the nanostructures. A width of the inner spacers differs between different layers of the fin stack.

Abstract: Power supplies together with related over voltage protection methods and apparatuses. A power supply has a transformer including a primary winding and an auxiliary winding. A power switch is coupled to the primary winding and a sensing resistor coupled between the power switch and a grounding line. A multi-function terminal of a controller is coupled to the sensing resistor. A diode and a first resistor is coupled between the auxiliary winding and the multi-function terminal.

Abstract: Power supplies together with related over voltage protection methods and apparatuses. A power supply has a transformer including a primary winding and an auxiliary winding. A power switch is coupled to the primary winding and a sensing resistor coupled between the power switch and a grounding line. A multi-function terminal of a controller is coupled to the sensing resistor. A diode and a first resistor is coupled between the auxiliary winding and the multi-function terminal.

Abstract: Power supplies together with related over voltage protection methods and apparatuses. A power supply has a transformer including a primary winding and an auxiliary winding. A power switch is coupled to the primary winding and a sensing resistor coupled between the power switch and a grounding line. A multi-function terminal of a controller is coupled to the sensing resistor. A diode and a first resistor is coupled between the auxiliary winding and the multi-function terminal.

Abstract: Control methods and apparatuses providing a holding current for a TRIAC dimmer are disclosed. A control method is suitable for a power controller powered by an operation power source. A high-voltage device in the power controller is connected between the operation power source and an input power source, from which the high-voltage device drains a conduction current. An operation voltage of the operation power source is detected, and, during a startup procedure, the conduction current is forwarded to charge the operation power source. A detected voltage representing an input voltage of the input power source is provided, and if the detected voltage is below a setting voltage, the conduction current is forwarded to a ground line instead of charging the operation power source.

Abstract: A controller of a power converter with adjustable jitter amplitude includes a feedback pin, a logic circuit, an auxiliary pin, and a current sensing pin. The feedback pin is used for receiving a feedback voltage from a secondary side of the power converter. The feedback voltage corresponds to an output voltage of the secondary side of the power converter. The logic circuit is used for generating a jitter signal according to a clock, the feedback voltage, and a first resistor. The auxiliary pin is used for receiving a voltage corresponding to an auxiliary winding of the power converter. The current sensing pin is used for generating a detection voltage according to a current flowing through a primary side of the power converter. The voltage, the jitter signal, and the detection voltage determine turning-on time of the primary side of the power converter.

Abstract: Disclosed are dimming driving system and a dimming controller. A disclosed dimming driving system has a transformer, a lighting device, and a dimming controller. The transformer has a primary winding and a secondary winding inductively-coupled to each other. The secondary winding is coupled to an output power line and secondary ground, both coupling to and powering the lighting device. The dimming controller is coupled to the secondary winding for controlling current flowing through the lighting device according to a voltage drop of the secondary winding.

Abstract: Control methods and apparatuses providing a holding current for a TRIAC dimmer are disclosed. A control method is suitable for a power controller powered by an operation power source. A high-voltage device in the power controller is connected between the operation power source and an input power source, from which the high-voltage device drains a conduction current. An operation voltage of the operation power source is detected, and, when it is below a first reference, the conduction current is forwarded to charge the operation power source. A detected voltage representing an input voltage of the input power source is provided, and if the detected voltage is below a second reference, the conduction current is forwarded to a ground line instead of charging the operation power source.

Abstract: A power controller includes a clock generator, a low-frequency clock generator, and a protection circuit. The clock generator provides a clock signal with a clock frequency for periodically switching on and off a power switch. The low-frequency clock generator provides a low-frequency clock signal with a frequency lower than the clock frequency. The protection circuit includes an over-power detection circuit and a logic circuit. The over-power detection circuit determines whether an over power event has occurred according to a feedback signal controlled by an output voltage of the power supply. When the over power event lasts longer than an over power tolerance duration, the logic circuit isolates the power switch from the clock signal to keep the power switch turned off. The over power tolerance duration is equal to a predetermined clock cycles of the low-frequency clock signal.

Abstract: Power supplies together with related over voltage protection methods and apparatuses. A power supply has a transformer including a primary winding and an auxiliary winding. A power switch is coupled to the primary winding and a sensing resistor coupled between the power switch and a grounding line. A multi-function terminal of a controller is coupled to the sensing resistor. A diode and a first resistor is coupled between the auxiliary winding and the multi-function terminal.

Abstract: A power controller has a high-side driver, a low-side driver, a voltage divider, and a comparator. The high-side driver drives a high-side power switch, powered by a boost power line and a connection node. The low-side driver drives a low-side power switch, powered by an operation power line and a ground power line. The voltage divider has a first resistor having a first node for providing a detection voltage and a second node coupled to the boost power line or the connection node. The voltage divider has a second resistor coupled between the first node of the first resistor and the ground power line. When the low-side power switch is turned off, the comparator compares the detection voltage with a reference voltage. When the detection voltage is higher than the reference voltage, the comparator renders to turn on the high-side power switch.

Abstract: Power supplies together with related over voltage protection methods and apparatuses. A power supply has a transformer including a primary winding and an auxiliary winding. A power switch is coupled to the primary winding and a sensing resistor coupled between the power switch and a grounding line. A multi-function terminal of a controller is coupled to the sensing resistor. A diode and a first resistor is coupled between the auxiliary winding and the multi-function terminal.

Abstract: A control circuit for reducing touch current of a power converter includes an auxiliary pin, a zero-crossing signal generator, a feedback pin, a frequency limiting signal generator, and a gate signal generator. The auxiliary pin receives a voltage corresponding to an auxiliary winding of the power converter. The zero-crossing signal generator generates a zero-crossing signal according to the voltage and a first reference voltage. The feedback pin receives a feedback voltage corresponding to an output voltage of the power converter. The frequency limiting signal generator generates a frequency limiting signal according to the feedback voltage and a second reference voltage. The frequency limiting signal limits the gate control signal to a predetermined frequency. The gate signal generator generates a gate control signal to a power switch of the power converter according to the frequency limiting signal and the zero-crossing signal.

Abstract: A controller of a power converter with adjustable jitter amplitude includes a feedback pin, a logic circuit, an auxiliary pin, and a current sensing pin. The feedback pin is used for receiving a feedback voltage from a secondary side of the power converter. The feedback voltage corresponds to an output voltage of the secondary side of the power converter. The logic circuit is used for generating a jitter signal according to a clock, the feedback voltage, and a first resistor. The auxiliary pin is used for receiving a voltage corresponding to an auxiliary winding of the power converter. The current sensing pin is used for generating a detection voltage according to a current flowing through a primary side of the power converter. The voltage, the jitter signal, and the detection voltage determine turning-on time of the primary side of the power converter.

Abstract: Control methods and controller thereof for a power supply including a power switch and an inductor. The power switch is turned on to increase the inductor current through the inductor, which is sensed to generate a current-sense signal. The current-sense signal is added up with an adjusting signal to generate a summation signal. The power switch is turned off if the summation signal is higher than a peak limit. The turn-on time of the power switch is detected to update the adjusting signal.

Abstract: A control circuit for reducing touch current of a power converter includes an auxiliary pin, a zero-crossing signal generator, a feedback pin, a frequency limiting signal generator, and a gate signal generator. The auxiliary pin receives a voltage corresponding to an auxiliary winding of the power converter. The zero-crossing signal generator generates a zero-crossing signal according to the voltage and a first reference voltage. The feedback pin receives a feedback voltage corresponding to an output voltage of the power converter. The frequency limiting signal generator generates a frequency limiting signal according to the feedback voltage and a second reference voltage. The frequency limiting signal limits the gate control signal to a predetermined frequency. The gate signal generator generates a gate control signal to a power switch of the power converter according to the frequency limiting signal and the zero-crossing signal.

Abstract: Control methods and controller thereof for a power supply including a power switch and an inductor. The power switch is turned on to increase the inductor current through the inductor, which is sensed to generate a current-sense signal. The current-sense signal is added up with an adjusting signal to generate a summation signal. The power switch is turned off if the summation signal is higher than a peak limit. The turn-on time of the power switch is detected to update the adjusting signal.

Abstract: A power controller has a high-side driver, a low-side driver, a voltage divider, and a comparator. The high-side driver drives a high-side power switch, powered by a boost power line and a connection node. The low-side driver drives a low-side power switch, powered by an operation power line and a ground power line. The voltage divider has a first resistor having a first node for providing a detection voltage and a second node coupled to the boost power line or the connection node. The voltage divider has a second resistor coupled between the first node of the first resistor and the ground power line. When the low-side power switch is turned off, the comparator compares the detection voltage with a reference voltage. When the detection voltage is higher than the reference voltage, the comparator renders to turn on the high-side power switch.