Abstract: A novel gRNA-ligand binding complex is provided. This complex may be used to bring Type V Cas proteins and additional effectors to DNA for base editing. The design of the systems allows for the production of efficient modular components that provide flexibility when editing DNA.

Abstract: Apparatus for manufacturing metal layers and glow polymer layers which are superimposed and laterally offset relative to one another has two vacuum chambers which are separated from one another by air locks and has a cylinder with cavities in the surface thereof in which substrates for the layers are mounted on supports. Each cavity includes a displaceable diaphragm with a diaphragm aperture structure through which the layers are deposited. The cylinder, together with lock jaws, forms the air locks, so that the supports traverse both vacuum chambers. In a first vacuum chamber structures are provided for the manufacture of glow polymer layers and in a second vacuum chamber metallization structures are provided for the manufacture of the metal layers. In each cavity devices are provided for the displacement of the diaphragms between the glow polymer and metallization chambers.