Abstract: A fluidized reforming process comprising a two stage fluidized reforming reactor is described. A naphtha stream flows upward through the two fluidized stages and contacts the catalyst forming a product stream and spent catalyst. The spent catalyst is separated from the product stream and the naphtha feed stream. Some of the spent catalyst is regenerated by contact with an oxygen-containing regeneration fluid to heat and reactivate the catalyst. The heated, regenerated catalyst forms at least a port of the catalyst stream for the process. A process for cyclizing paraffins or isomerizing cyclopentanes is also described. The process uses a chloride-free Pt/Ga-containing catalyst to form a cyclic aliphatic hydrocarbon or isomerizing a cyclopentane in the presence of the chloride-free Pt/Ga-containing catalyst to form a cyclohexane.

Abstract: Oligomerizing C4 and C5 olefins over a SPA catalyst provides an oligomerate product stream comprising C6+ olefins that meets a gasoline T-90 specification of 380° F. The oligomerate product stream can be taken to the gasoline pool without further upgrading.

Abstract: Radiant fired heaters used with reactors are described. The apparatus includes at least two sets of radiant fired heaters, the first set being at a second height less than the first height. Each set of radiant fired heaters comprises at least one radiant fired heater. Each radiant fired heater has at least one process coil disposed within the heater, burners, and a flue gas outlet. There is at least one inlet manifold having an inlet and multiple outlets, with each outlet of the inlet manifold in fluid communication with one process coil inlet. There is an outlet manifold having multiple inlets and an outlet, with the multiple inlets in fluid communication with the process coil outlets. A method of selecting a reforming apparatus arrangement is also described.

Abstract: Radiant fired heaters used with reactors are described. The apparatus includes at least two sets of radiant fired heaters, the first set being at a second height less than the first height. Each set of radiant fired heaters comprises at least one radiant fired heater. Each radiant fired heater has at least one process coil disposed within the heater, burners, and a flue gas outlet. There is at least one inlet manifold having an inlet and multiple outlets, with each outlet of the inlet manifold in fluid communication with one process coil inlet. There is an outlet manifold having multiple inlets and an outlet, with the multiple inlets in fluid communication with the process coil outlets. A method of selecting a reforming apparatus arrangement is also described.

Abstract: A process and apparatus for two stage hydrocracking of resid feed saturates aromatics including PNA's from the first stage hydrocracking unit to prevent production of HPNA's. The saturated aromatics including PNA's can be hydrocracked in the second stage to minimize or eliminate purged unconverted oil to approach or obtain maximum conversion. In an aspect, a separator and a first hydrocracking reactor may be located in the same vessel.

Abstract: Disclosed is a process and apparatus for switching oligomerization feed between a first oligomerization zone that includes a uni-dimensional small pore zeolite to make more diesel and a second oligomerization zone that includes SPA catalyst for making more gasoline. The diesel can be recycled to make more propylene. The process and apparatus will provide refiners with flexibility to produce the most valuable product commensurate with fluctuating market conditions.

Abstract: Distillate cracks to propylene more readily than VGO. Additionally, less branched hydrocarbons crack to propylene more readily than more branched hydrocarbons. Oligomerization to diesel range oligomers followed by catalytic cracking with less branched oligomers can provide more propylene.

Abstract: An inexpensive heat exchanger is disclosed, wherein the heat exchanger is made up of a plurality of plates and each plate has at least one channel defined in the plate. The plates are stacked and bonded together to form a block having conduits for carrying at least one fluid and where the exchanger includes an expansion device enclosed within the unit. The plates include construction to thermally insulate the sections of the heat exchanger to control the heat flow within the heat exchanger.

Abstract: A first oligomerization stream is oligomerized over a first catalyst in a first oligomerization reactor zone to make oligomerate. An oligomerate stream is separated to provide a heavy oligomerate boiling in the diesel range and a second oligomerization feed stream. The latter is fed to a second oligomerization reactor zone with a second different catalyst to produce the heavy oligomerate.

Abstract: A process sends at least a portion of an oligomerization feed to a first oligomerization reactor zone that includes a zeolite or a SPA catalyst and another portion of the same feed to a second oligomerization reactor zone that includes an amorphous silica alumina catalyst. The first oligomerization reactor zone makes aliphatic olefins that can be cracked to propylene and the second oligomerization reactor zone makes cyclic molecules that can be converted to aromatics in an FCC unit.

Abstract: Recycle of a stream comprising C8 oligomers to an oligomerization zone to be oligomerized with C4 olefins can produce diesel range oligomers. A diesel stream can be separated from a gasoline stream which can be recycled to the oligomerization zone.

Abstract: A process provides oligomerization feed stream comprising C5 hydrocarbons and olefins along with C4 olefins to an oligomerization zone. The oligomerization feed stream may be obtained from cracked FCC products. Unreacted C5 hydrocarbons can be recycled to the oligomerization zone to maintain the liquid phase therein.

Abstract: A process for reforming hydrocarbons is presented. The process involves applying process controls over the reaction temperatures to preferentially convert a portion of the hydrocarbon stream to generate an intermediate stream, which will further react with reduced endothermicity. The intermediate stream is then processed at a higher temperature, where a second reforming reactor is operated under substantially isothermal conditions.

Abstract: Disclosed is a process and apparatus for switching oligomerization feed between a first oligomerization zone that includes a uni-dimensional small pore zeolite to make more diesel and a second oligomerization zone that includes SPA catalyst for making more gasoline. The diesel can be recycled to make more propylene. The process and apparatus will provide refiners with flexibility to produce the most valuable product commensurate with fluctuating market conditions.

Abstract: Distillate cracks to propylene more readily than VGO. Additionally, less branched hydrocarbons crack to propylene more readily than more branched hydrocarbons. Oligomerization to diesel range oligomers followed by catalytic cracking with less branched oligomers can provide more propylene.

Abstract: Disclosed is that by oligomerizing C4 olefins over a uni-dimensional 10-ring pore structured zeolite catalyst, at least 70 wt % oligomers having at least 9 carbons can be produced in a single pass.

Abstract: Provided is a process for producing aromatics including the steps of preparing a C8 hydrocarbon stream, feeding a naphtha stream and the C8 hydrocarbon stream to a reforming unit, and reforming the naphtha stream and the C8 hydrocarbon stream to yield aromatics. The process combines a co-feed containing C8 hydrocarbons, an alkali/alkaline earth metal-containing reforming catalyst, and a high temperature operating regime to achieve significant improvements in a reforming process for the production of xylenes and other aromatics.

Abstract: A process for providing aromatics from a coal tar stream. A coal tar stream is provided, and the coal tar stream is fractionated into at least a naphtha range stream. The naphtha range stream is hydrotreated, and the hydrotreated naphtha range stream is separated to provide at least a naphthene rich stream. The naphthene rich stream is reformed or dehydrogenated to convert the naphthene. The dehydrogenated naphthene rich stream may be combined with a portion of a reformed crude oil hydrocarbon stream.

Abstract: A process for transalkylating a coal tar stream is described. A coal tar stream is provided, and is fractionated to provide at least one hydrocarbon stream having polycyclic aromatics. The hydrocarbon stream is hydrotreated in a hydrotreating zone, and then hydrocracked in a hydrocracking zone. A light aromatics stream is added to the hydrocracking zone. The light aromatics stream comprises one or more light aromatics having a ratio of methyl/aromatic available position that is lower than a ratio of methyl/aromatic available position for the hydrotreated stream. The hydrocracked stream is transalkylated in the hydrocracking zone.

Abstract: A process for selectively dealkylating aromatic compounds includes providing a coal tar stream comprising aromatic compounds and hydrotreating the coal tar stream to reduce a concentration of one or more of organic sulfur, nitrogen, and oxygen in the coal tar stream, and to hydrogenate at least a portion of the aromatic compounds in the coal tar stream. The process further includes hydrocracking the hydrotreated coal tar stream to further hydrogenate the aromatic compounds and to crack at least one ring of multi-ring aromatic compounds to form single-ring aromatic compounds. The single-ring aromatic compounds present in the hydrocracked stream are then dealkylated to remove alkyl groups containing two or more carbon atoms.