Abstract: A measurement device includes the following: an imaging unit configured to image a living organism to acquire an image; a determination-index calculating unit configured to calculate, for a region of interest included in the image, a determination index relating to a pixel count of a target pixel having a pixel value equal to or greater than a predetermined lower limit and equal to or smaller than a predetermined upper limit; and a biological-information calculating unit configured to calculate biological information from the pixel value of a pixel included in a region of interest with the determination index being equal to or greater than a threshold.

Abstract: The invention achieves uniform image quality for every transfer regardless of a moisture content on a surface of a paper sheet when a plurality of transfer processes is to be made on a single paper. A copier (1A) is provided with a optical sensor (20) which includes at least one light source, illuminates a paper sheet (P) with light, receives the light reflected from the paper sheet (P), and measures the received light intensity. Before each of a plurality of transfer processes, the copier (1A) calculates a moisture content on a surface of the paper sheet (P) from the light intensity measured by the optical sensor (20), and sets a transfer condition of a transfer device (15) based on the calculated moisture content on the surface of the paper sheet (P).

Abstract: Type and moisture content of a sheet of paper are determined with high accuracy for controlling an image forming condition, accordingly. A coping machine includes a transmitted-light measuring unit, a reflected-light measuring unit, a type determination unit configured to determine a type of a sheet of paper, a moisture content calculation unit configured to calculate a moisture content of the sheet of paper, based on the type of the sheet of paper determined by the type determination unit and the intensity of the light measured by the reflected-light measuring unit, and an image forming condition setting unit configured to set an image forming condition for the sheet of paper.

Abstract: The invention achieves uniform image quality for every transfer regardless of a moisture content on a surface of a paper sheet when a plurality of transfer processes is to be made on a single paper. A copier (1A) is provided with a optical sensor (20) which includes at least one light source, illuminates a paper sheet (P) with light, receives the light reflected from the paper sheet (P), and measures the received light intensity. Before each of a plurality of transfer processes, the copier (1A) calculates a moisture content on a surface of the paper sheet (P) from the light intensity measured by the optical sensor (20), and sets a transfer condition of a transfer device (15) based on the calculated moisture content on the surface of the paper sheet (P).

Abstract: A copier is provided with a first illuminator that irradiates a light to a sheet of paper; a second photodetector that receives a portion of a light transmitted through the sheet of paper; a first photodetector that receives a portion of a light reflected or diffused by the sheet of paper; a paper-type determination processor, a moisture-content calculator, and a basis-weight calculator that calculate or determine at least one from among a moisture content, a type, and a basis weight of the sheet of paper; and an image forming conditions configuration processor that configures image forming conditions for the sheet of paper.

Abstract: Type and moisture content of a sheet of paper are determined with high accuracy for controlling an image forming condition, accordingly. A coping machine includes a transmitted-light measuring unit, a reflected-light measuring unit, a type determination unit configured to determine a type of a sheet of paper, a moisture content calculation unit configured to calculate a moisture content of the sheet of paper, based on the type of the sheet of paper determined by the type determination unit and the intensity of the light measured by the reflected-light measuring unit, and an image forming condition setting unit configured to set an image forming condition for the sheet of paper.

Abstract: An optical apparatus of an aspect of the present invention includes: a plurality of semiconductor laser elements each of which emits laser light; an optical fiber which has a core which guides the laser light; and an imaging section which causes a plurality of beams of laser light to form an image on an incidence end surface of the single core, the incidence end surface having an outer shape which has a first side defining a width of the core and a second side defining a height of the core, a plurality of spots which are formed on the incidence end surface having respective long axes which are aligned with each other, the long axes of the plurality of spots being aligned with the first side or the second side.