Abstract: A method includes determining an original location of a vehicle providing a transportation service using location information of the vehicle, determining a virtual location of the vehicle corresponding to the original location by mapping the original location to a travel route of the vehicle, determining a location section among a plurality of sections of the travel route, the location section including the virtual location of the vehicle, determining, as a nearby node of the vehicle, a node in which a distance to the virtual location is less than a threshold value among one or more nodes included in the location section.

Abstract: Embodiments are directed to a method, a system, and an apparatus that estimate an arrival time of a vehicle. A method according to an embodiment includes measuring travel times of a plurality of vehicles through a section in a transportation route using location information on the plurality of vehicles, calculating travel times using at least one of a moving average, exponential smoothing, and a service pattern of the plurality of vehicles with respect to the section using the measured travel times of the plurality of vehicles, calculating an error value between a measured travel time of a first vehicle with respect to the section and each travel time calculated using at least one of the moving average, the exponential smoothing, and the service pattern, and estimating a travel time of a second vehicle with respect to the section, based on the calculated error value.