Abstract: In one aspect, the disclosure relates to an oxide-molten salt (OMS) composite material offering excellent energy storage capacity at low cost. The OMS composite material can be provided in at least three forms, including a porous, perovskite-oxide particle as a matrix having pores filled with unary salt or salt mixtures; an external shell of perovskite-oxide particles and an internal core of salt or a salt mixture; and/or a porous, perovskite-oxide particle as a matrix filled with unary salt or salt mixtures, wherein the whole particle is enclosed with an oxide outer shell. Further in this aspect, the outer shell can be dense but either mixed ionic-electronically conductive or porous. In another aspect, the disclosed methods and systems can be used for grid-scale energy storage by retrofitting existing steam turbine-based power plants and concentrated solar plants. In a further aspect, the disclosed methods, systems, and materials are environmentally benign.

Abstract: A variety of redox catalysts, methods of making, and methods of using thereof are provided. Surface modified redox catalysts are provided having an oxygen carrier core with an outer surface that has been modified to enhance the selectivity of the redox catalyst for oxidative dehydrogenation. The surface modification can include forming a redox catalyst outer layer on the outer surface and/or suppressing sites that form nonselective electrophilic oxygen sites on the outer surface of the oxygen carrier. A variety of methods are provided for making the surface modified redox catalysts, e.g. modified Pechini methods. A variety of methods are provided for using the catalysts for oxidative cracking of light paraffins. Methods are provided for oxidative cracking of light paraffins by contacting the paraffin with a core-shell redox catalyst described herein to convert the paraffins to water and olefins, diolefins, or a combination thereof.

Abstract: Redox catalysts having surface medication, methods of making redox catalysts with surface modification, and uses of the surface modified redox catalysts are provided. In some aspects, the redox catalysts include a core oxygen carrier region such as CaMnO3, BaMnO3-?, SrMnO3-?, Mn2SiO4, Mn2MgO4-?, La0.8Sr0.2O3-?, La0.8Sr0.2FeO3-?, Ca9Ti0.1Mn0.9O3-?, Pr6O11-?, manganese ore, or a combination thereof; and an outer shell having an average thickness of about 1-100 monolayers surrounding the outer surface of the core region. The outer shell can include, for example a salt selected such as Li2WO4, Na2WO4, K2WO4, SrWO4, Li2MoO4, Na2MoO4, K2MoO4, CsMoO4, Li2CO3, Na2CO3, K2CO3, or a combination thereof.

Abstract: Redox catalysts having surface medication, methods of making redox catalysts with surface modification, and uses of the surface modified redox catalysts are provided. In some aspects, the redox catalysts include a core oxygen carrier region such as CaMnO3, BaMnO3??, SrMnO3??, Mn2SiO4, Mn2MgO4??, La0.8Sr0.2O3??, La0.8Sr0.2FeO3??, Ca9Ti0.1Mn0.9O3??, Pr6O11??, manganese ore, or a combination thereof; and an outer shell having an average thickness of about 1-100 monolayers surrounding the outer surface of the core region. The outer shell can include, for example a salt selected such as Li2WO4, Na2WO4, K2WO4, SrWO4, Li2MoO4, Na2MoO4, K2MoO4, CsMoO4, Li2CO3, Na2CO3, K2CO3, or a combination thereof.

Abstract: Redox catalysts having surface medication, methods of making redox catalysts with surface modification, and uses of the surface modified redox catalysts are provided. In some aspects, the redox catalysts include a core oxygen carrier region and an outer shell having an average thickness of about 1-100 monolayers surrounding the outer surface of the core region.

Abstract: Redox catalysts having surface medication, methods of making redox catalysts with surface modification, and uses of the surface modified redox catalysts are provided. In some aspects, the redox catalysts include a core oxygen carrier region such as CaMnO3, BaMnO3-?, SrMnO3-?, Mn2SiO4, Mn2MgO4-?, La0.8Sr0.2O3-?, La0.8Sr0.2FeO3-?, Ca9Ti0.1Mn0.9O3-?, Pr6O11-?, manganese ore, or a combination thereof; and an outer shell having an average thickness of about 1-100 monolayers surrounding the outer surface of the core region. The outer shell can include, for example a salt selected such as Li2WO4, Na2WO4, K2WO4, SrWO4, Li2MoO4, Na2MoO4, K2MoO4, CsMoO4, Li2CO3, Na2CO3, K2CO3, or a combination thereof.

Abstract: A variety of redox catalysts, methods of making, and methods of using thereof are provided. Surface modified redox catalysts are provided having an oxygen carrier core with an outer surface that has been modified to enhance the selectivity of the redox catalyst for oxidative dehydrogenation. The surface modification can include forming a redox catalyst outer layer on the outer surface and/or suppressing sites that form nonselective electrophilic oxygen sites on the outer surface of the oxygen carrier. A variety of methods are provided for making the surface modified redox catalysts, e.g. modified Pechini methods. A variety of methods are provided for using the catalysts for oxidative cracking of light paraffins. Methods are provided for oxidative cracking of light paraffins by contacting the paraffin with a core-shell redox catalyst described herein to convert the paraffins to water and olefins, diolefins, or a combination thereof.