Abstract: A paper- or cardboard-based security product and a method of manufacturing it. The product comprises a paper or a cardboard which is equipped with an identifiable security symbol. According to the present invention, the security symbol comprises a layer in the product, one which consists of a synthetic, electrically conductive polymer, the conductivity of which has been changed locally to form an electrically conductive or, alternatively, electrically non-conductive figure. Furthermore, a figure indicating the security symbol has been fitted on the surface of the paper or the cardboard product. A security product according to the present invention can be produced simply by first applying a conductive polymer, for instance in a non-conductive form, onto a paper, after which an acidic figure is printed in such as way that the area below the figure becomes conductive. The figure can be detected and in this way it acts as a guarantee of authenticity for the product.

Abstract: A device is disclosed for electrically controlled transport of ions between a source and a target electrolyte, including a source electrode and a target electrode. The electrodes are each capable of conducting ions, and the source electrode is arranged to receive ions from the source electrolyte and the target electrode is arranged to release ions to the target electrolyte. The device further includes an ion-conductive channel, arranged to receive ions from the source electrode and to release ions to the target electrode. Moreover, the ion-conductive channel is arranged to provide an ionic connection between the source and the target electrodes. The electrodes and the ion-conductive channel are formed of solid or semi-solid materials which are directly or indirectly attached to a support.

Abstract: A device for determining a parameter history indication of at least one external parameter, comprises an electrode, termed “first electrode” (2, 2a, 2b, 2c), and another electrode, termed “third electrode” (4, 4a, 4b, 4c). The electrodes (2, 2a, 2b, 2c; 4, 4a, 4b, 4c) are in consuming contact with a respective electrolyte (5, 6, 6a, 6b, 6c). A consumption process of the third electrode is controllable by an amount of consumption of said first electrode. The electrolytes are so arranged that consumption rates of the first and third electrodes (2, 2a, 2b, 2c; 4, 4a, 4b, 4c) present different dependencies on the at least one external parameter. A kit of parts including such a device, and a method for determining a parameter history indication of at least one external parameter are also disclosed.

Abstract: An electrochemically active element is provided which comprises a first layer of PEDOT-PSS mixed with an adhesion promoter, and a second layer of PANI which is in direct electrical contact with said first layer. Such an element exhibits a substantially increased resistance from being overoxidized, as well as an electrical conductivity which is virtually the same as for pure PEDOT-PSS, and substantially better than for pure PANI. The electrochemically active element can be used in e.g. electrochemical pixel devices, transistors, diodes etc.

Abstract: A fast organic field effect transistor (100), which operates at low voltages, is achieved by the introduction of an oligomeric or polymeric electrolyte (131) between the gate electrode (141) and the organic semiconductor layer (121), which electrolyte (131) has a dissociation constant of at least 10?8. Said organic semiconductor layer (121) is in contact with the source electrode (111) and the drain electrode (112) of the transistor. In operation a potential (152) applied to said gate electrode (141) controls the current A between said source electrode (111) and said drain electrode (112).

Abstract: An electrochemically active element is provided which comprises a first layer of PEDOT-PSS mixed with an adhesion promoter, and a second layer of PANI which is in direct electrical contact with said first layer. Such an element exhibits a substantially increased resistance from being overoxidised, as well as an electrical conductivity which is virtually the same as for pure PEDOT-PSS, and substantially better than for pure PANI. The electrochemically active element can be used in e.g. electrochemical pixel devices, transistors, diodes etc.

Abstract: An electrochromic device is provided comprising: (i) at least one material that is electrically conducting in at least one oxidation state and (ii) at least one electrochromic material, wherein said materials (i) and (ii) can be the same or different; at least one layer of a solidified electrolyte which is in direct electrical contact with said electrochromic element; and at least two electrodes comprising PEDOT-PSS, arranged side by side in a common plane and adapted for application of a voltage therebetween, one of said electrodes being in direct electrical contact with a component selected from said electrochromic element(s) and the other electrode(s) being in direct electrical contact with a component selected from said electrolyte layer(s) and said electrochromic element(s).

Abstract: The present invention provides an electrochemical timer device (110) having a source (101) and a drain (102) contact. The device further comprises a switch channel (104) and a delay reservoir (103) that are electrochemically interconnected with a gate electrode (105). The switch channel (104) interconnects the source (101) and drain (102) contacts and is arranged to change electrical conductivity upon electrochemistry therein, and an electrochemical reaction is arranged to occur in the gate electrode (105) and delay reservoir (103) upon application of a drive voltage there between. The delay reservoir (103) is arranged such that the electrochemical reaction occurring therein gradually moves towards the switch channel (104) and eventually reaches the switch channel (104) after a delay time thereby changing the electrical conductivity of the switch channel (104).

Abstract: The present invention provides a sensor device for measuring an electric field in a charge carrying medium. To this end, the sensor device defines a sensor space that is arranged to receive the charge carrying medium, and that comprises terminals for applying an electric field across the sensor space. Furthermore, sensor elements are arranged spatially separated in the sensor space. The sensor elements are operable to perform electrochemistry in response to the electric field and to change optical appearance upon said electrochemistry. Thereby electric field present in said sensor space is detectable from an optical appearance of said sensor elements.

Abstract: An electrochromic device is provided comprising: at least one electrochromic element comprising (i) at least one material that is electrically conducting in at least one oxidation state and (ii) at least one electrochromic material, wherein said materials (i) and (ii) can be the same or different; at least one layer of a solidified electrolyte which is in direct electrical contact with said electrochromic element; and at least two electrodes comprising PEDOT-PSS, arranged side by side in a common plane and adapted for application of a voltage therebetween, one of said electrodes being in direct electrical contact with a component selected from said electrochromic element(s) and the other electrode(s) being in direct electrical contact with a component selected from said electrolyte layer(s) and said electrochromic element(s).

Abstract: In a method in the fabrication of an organic thin-film semiconducting device comprising an electrode arrangement with electrodes contacting a semiconducting organic material, an anode in the electrode arrangement is made as a two-layer structure, where the first layer is a conducting or semiconducting material or a combination thereof deposited on a substrate and a second layer is a conducting polymer with a work function higher than that of the material in the first layer. A third layer consisting of semiconducting organic material and forming the active material of the device is deposited on the top of the anode, and the cathode made of a fourth layer of a metal deposited on a third layer. In a preferred embodiment a low work function metal is used in the first layer, a doped conjugated polymer such as PEDOT-PSS in the second layer, while the cathode may be formed of the same metal as used in the first layer.

Abstract: An electrochemical device is provided, comprising a source contact connected to a first antenna pad, a drain contact connected to a second antenna pad, at least one gate electrode, an electrochemically active element arranged between, and in direct electrical contact with, the source and drain contacts, which electrochemically active element comprises a transistor channel and is of a material comprising an organic material having the ability of electrochemically altering its conductivity through change of redox state thereof, and a solidified electrolyte in direct electrical contact with the electrochemically active element and the at least one gate electrode and interposed between them in such a way that electron flow between the electrochemically active element and the gate electrode(s) is prevented. In the device, flow of electrons between source contact and drain contact is controllable by means of a voltage applied to the gate electrode(s).

Abstract: A process for rendering an electrically conducting polymer essentially non-conducting is provided, in which the polymer is brought into direct electrical contact with an electrolyte. Furthermore, an electric voltage is applied to said polymer using at least two electrodes connected to a voltage supply, each electrode independently being in electrical contact with one of said polymer and said electrolyte. Said electrically conducting polymer is rendered non-conducting through electrochemical reactions occurring in the interface between said polymer and said electrolyte in response to said electric voltage.

Abstract: A local area network uses coaxial cable wiring for interconnection of terminal devices. A frequency selective network interface device is placed at the building point of entry or another point in the wiring to reflect network signals transmitted by terminal devices back into the building distribution to be received by other terminal devices. By reflecting network upstream signals back into the building as downstream signals, the network interface provides a path for terminal devices to transmit to and receive from other terminal devices.

Abstract: A field-effect transistor is made with electrodes (2, 4, 5) and isolators (3) in vertically provided layers, such that at least the electrodes (4, 5) and the isolators (3) form a step (6) oriented vertically relative to the first electrode (2) or the substrate (1). Implemented as a junction field-effect transistor (JFET) or a metal-oxide semiconducting field-effect transistor (MOSFET) the electrodes (2, 5) forming respectively the drain and source electrode of the field-effect transistor or vice versa and the electrode (4) the gate electrode of the field-effect transistor. Over the layers in the vertical step (6) an amorphous, polycrystalline or microcrystalline inorganic or organic semiconductor material is provided and forms the active semiconductor of the transistor contacting the gate electrode (8) directly or indirectly and forming a vertically oriented transistor channel (9) of the p or n type between the first (2) and the second (5) electrode.

Abstract: A device for providing addressability in an apparatus including one or more volume elements which together with the device form part of a matrix in the apparatus. The device establishes an electrical connection to specific cells by electrodes in the matrix and thereby defining a cell in the volume element. The device includes at least three sets of plural strip-like electrodes, the strip-like electrodes of each set being provided in substantially parallel relationship to each other in a two-dimensional and planar layer forming an additional part of the matrix. A set of strip-like electrodes in one layer is oriented at an angle to the projected angle of orientation of the electrode sets in proximal neighboring layers onto this one layer, such that the sets of strip-like electrodes in proximal neighboring layers exhibit a mutual non-orthogonal relationship.

Abstract: In a means for providing addressability in an apparatus comprising one or more volume elements which together with said means form part of a matrix in the apparatus and wherein a volume element comprises one or more cells with a data storage or processing functionality, said means establishes an electrical connection to specific cells by means of electrodes in the matrix and thereby defining a cell in the volume element. Said means comprises at least three sets of plural strip-like electrodes, the strip-like electrodes of each set being provided in substantially parallel relationship to each other in a two-dimensional and planar layer forming an additional part of the matrix. A set of strip-like electrodes in one layer is oriented at an angle to the projected angle of orientation of the electrode sets in proximal neighboring layers onto this one layer, such that the sets of strip-like electrodes in proximal neighboring layers exhibit a mutual non-orthogonal relationship.

Abstract: For providing an electroluminescent device, a first electrode is formed on a substrate that is preferably transparent or translucent, and a first light-emitting layer made of polymeric material is formed on the first electrode and n the substrate. A second light-emitting layer made of polymeric material is formed on a support, preferably stretched together with the support, for orienting the polymeric material thereof, then laminating to the first light-emitting layer and the support is removed. A second electrode is applied on the second light-emitting layer, and the two electrodes are provided with connectors for electrically connecting the device to other structures.

Abstract: An organic laser according to the invention comprises an electrically pumped source of incoherent radiation with organic active region, and further comprises a waveguide structure that receives the incoherent radiation. The core of the waveguide comprises organic material that absorbs the incoherent radiation and emits coherent radiation of longer wavelength. The laser forms a unitary structure, with the source of incoherent radiation being close to the waveguide core, exemplarily less than 10.lambda. from the core, where .lambda. is the laser wavelength. Exemplarily the laser is embodied in a planar waveguide laser, in a microdisk laser, or in a laser comprising a photonic bandgap structure.