Abstract: It is intended to provide a method capable of industrially and efficiently producing acetic acid having a good potassium permanganate test value without a large cost. A method for producing acetic acid according to the present invention is a method for producing acetic acid comprising: a carbonylation reaction step; an evaporation step; a lower boiling point component removal step; and a first overhead stream recycle step of recycling at least a portion of an aqueous phase and/or an organic phase obtained by condensing a first overhead stream obtained in the lower boiling point component removal step to a reaction vessel, wherein a crotonaldehyde concentration in a first acetic acid stream obtained in the lower boiling point component removal step is controlled to not more than 2.2 ppm by mass. The catalyst system may further contain an ionic iodide.

Abstract: A solid-state imaging apparatus includes: a solid-state imaging device photoelectrically converting light taken by a lens; and a light shielding member shielding part of light incident on the solid-state imaging device from the lens, wherein an angle made between an edge surface of the light shielding member and an optical axis direction of the lens is larger than an incident angle of light to be incident on an edge portion of the light shielding member.

Abstract: A solid-state imaging apparatus includes an imaging section and a substrate. The imaging section has a light-receiving portion for receiving light from an object to image the object and the imaging section is disposed on the substrate. A member is provided on the substrate in the neighborhood of the light receiving portion and the member is partially or entirely coated in black.

Abstract: An electronic device has a mounted image sensor including a light shielding body having light shielding walls and light transmitting portions each formed in an opening between the light shielding walls, a first light-shielding layer formed on a light incident surface side of the light shielding body and having an opening narrower than the opening of the light shielding body for each of the openings of the light shielding body, a microlens provided for each of the openings of the first light-shielding layer on the light incident surface side of the light shielding body, and a light receiving element layer with an array of a large number of light receiving elements. The present disclosure can be used for, for example, a compound-eye optical system.

Abstract: A solid-state imaging apparatus includes: a solid-state imaging device photoelectrically converting light taken by a lens; and a light shielding member shielding part of light incident on the solid-state imaging device from the lens, wherein an angle made between an edge surface of the light shielding member and an optical axis direction of the lens is larger than an incident angle of light to be incident on an edge portion of the light shielding member.

Abstract: Provided is a method for producing acetic acid that is capable of greatly improving the life of a silver-substituted ion exchange resin (IER) for removing organic iodine compounds in acetic acid. With the method for producing acetic acid according to the present invention, in a carbonylation process of a methanol method, a nickel base alloy or zirconium is used as a material of a distillation column in a dehydration step, and as metal ion concentrations in a charging mixture of the distillation column in the dehydration step, an iron ion concentration is less than 10,000 ppb by mass, a chromium ion concentration is less than 5,000 ppb by mass, a nickel ion concentration is less than 3,000 ppb by mass, and a molybdenum ion concentration is less than 2,000 ppb by mass.

Abstract: It is intended to provide a method capable of suppressing distillation apparatus corrosion as a method for producing acetic acid, comprising the step of distilling a crude acetic acid solution containing acetic acid and an impurity having a higher boiling point than that of acetic acid to purify the acetic acid. The method for producing acetic acid of the present invention comprises the step described above, wherein the distillation of the crude acetic acid solution is performed under a condition involving a distillation column bottom temperature of not more than 165° C. An acetic acid concentration in the crude acetic acid solution to be subjected to the distillation is preferably not less than 90 mass %. Examples of the impurity having a higher boiling point than that of acetic acid include acetate salts, acetic anhydride, and propionic acid. A column bottom pressure of the distillation column is preferably less than 0.255 MPaG.

Abstract: It is intended to provide an acetic acid production method capable of industrially advantageously separating and removing a by-product acetaldehyde in the separation step of separating a process stream into aqueous and organic phases. In the present invention, the separation step satisfies, for example, the following conditions (vi) to (viii), and at least a portion of the aqueous phase is treated in the acetaldehyde separation and removal step: (vi) acetaldehyde concentrations in the aqueous and/or organic phases are not more than 28.1 mass % and not more than 24.8 mass %, respectively; (vii) a separation temperature is not more than 70° C.; and (viii) methyl acetate concentrations in the aqueous and/or organic phases are not more than 12.0 mass % and not more than 47.6 mass %, respectively, and/or the sum of the methyl acetate concentrations in the aqueous and organic phases is not more than 59.6 mass %.

Abstract: It is intended to provide a method capable of industrially and efficiently producing acetic acid having a good potassium permanganate test value without a large cost. The method includes a step of distilling an aqueous phase and/or an organic phase of a column top condensate of a lower boiling point component removal column by a crotonaldehyde removal column; and the reflux ratio of the lower boiling point component removal column is not less than 2 (when the aqueous phase is refluxed), and the crotonaldehyde removal column is operated such that at least one of the following conditions (i) to (iii) is satisfied: (i) the reflux ratio of the distillation column is not less than 0.

Abstract: A process for producing acetic acid comprises a process comprising: (1) carbonylating methanol; (2) separating the reaction mixture into a volatile phase and a less-volatile phase; (3) distilling the volatile phase to forma first overhead rich in a lower boiling component, and an acetic acid stream rich in acetic acid; and at least one step group selected from the group consisting of the following sections (4), (9), and (15): (4) a section for separating impurities from the acetic acid stream to give purified acetic acid, (9) a section for separating the first overhead into a stream rich in acetaldehyde and a stream rich in methyl iodide, and (15) a section for absorption-treating an off-gas from the process with an absorption solvent and forming a carbon monoxide-rich stream and an acetic acid-rich stream.

Abstract: A solid-state imaging apparatus includes: a solid-state imaging device photoelectrically converting light taken by a lens; and a light shielding member shielding part of light incident on the solid-state imaging device from the lens, wherein an angle made between an edge surface of the light shielding member and an optical axis direction of the lens is larger than an incident angle of light to be incident on an edge portion of the light shielding member.

Abstract: A wireless communication apparatus includes a memory, and a processor coupled to the memory and configured to determine a number of transmissions of beam search signal for performing a beam search in an area where the beam search is performed, and determine a combination of the area and a presence/absence of the beam search signal according to the determined number of transmissions of beam search signal, based on a number of areas where the beam search is performed and a number of beams formed in the area by a transmission time of the beam search signal by the wireless communication apparatus, and generate the beam search signal to be transmitted to another wireless communication apparatus according to the determined combination.

Abstract: There is provided a method allowing industrially efficient production of high quality acetic acid having a good potassium permanganate test value and a low impurity content without a large cost. The method for producing acetic acid according to the present invention has a carbonylation reaction step, an evaporation step and a lower boiling point component removal step, and wherein with heating of the evaporator, (i) an acetaldehyde concentration in the aqueous phase of an overhead condensate in a lower boiling point component removal column is controlled to not less than 2340 ppm by mass; and/or (ii) a methyl acetate concentration in the aqueous phase is controlled to less than 19.0% by mass and/or; (iii) a methyl acetate concentration in the organic phase of the overhead condensate in the lower boiling point component removal column is controlled to less than 38.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a camera module in which a thin camera module can be realized at a low cost and an electronic device. The camera module includes a lens unit that stores a lens that condenses light on a light receiving surface of an image sensor; a rigid substrate on which the image sensor is disposed; and a flexible substrate electrically connected with the rigid substrate, wherein in the case where the light receiving surface of the image sensor locates at the top, the lens unit, the flexible substrate, and the rigid substrate are disposed in this order from the top.

Abstract: A process for separating or removing permanganate reducing compounds (PRC's) from a first mixture containing at least one PRC, methyl iodide, and water comprises the steps of: feeding the first mixture to a feed port of a distillation column, and distilling and separating the first mixture into an upper stream and a lower stream, wherein the distillation of the first mixture forms a second mixture at an upper position than the feed port, and the process further comprises the steps of: withdrawing the second mixture as the upper stream, and withdrawing the lower stream from a lower position than the feed port.

Abstract: A process for separating or removing permanganate reducing compounds (PRC's) from a first mixture containing at least one PRC, methyl iodide, and water comprises the steps of: feeding the first mixture to a feed port of a distillation column, and distilling and separating the first mixture into an upper stream and a lower stream, wherein the distillation of the first mixture forms a second mixture at an upper position than the feed port, and the process further comprises the steps of: withdrawing the second mixture as the upper stream, and withdrawing the lower stream from a lower position than the feed port.

Abstract: Provided is a method for producing acetic acid, which suppresses catalyst precipitation and accumulation in an evaporator, can efficiently recycle catalysts to a reaction vessel, and can contribute to maintenance and improvement in acetic acid productivity and securing of safety operation. In the method, the evaporator has a catalyst precipitation and accumulation prevention structure: (a) structure where inclination angle ? of inside wall surface of an inverted truncated conical cylindrical connection portion is 5° to 85°; and/or (b) structure where a vortex breaker comprising a plate-like vortex breaker main body and a leg is disposed such that the vortex breaker main body covers right above the connection portion of an evaporator bottom part to a residual liquid stream recycle line, and linear velocity r of the residual liquid stream passing through a gap between the vortex breaker main body and the evaporator bottom part is larger than 10 m/h.

Abstract: A process for producing acetic acid comprises a process comprising: (1) carbonylating methanol; (2) separating the reaction mixture into a volatile phase and a less-volatile phase; (3) distilling the volatile phase to form a first overhead rich in a lower boiling component, and an acetic acid stream rich in acetic acid; and at least one step group selected from the group consisting of the following sections (4), (9), and (15): (4) a section for separating impurities from the acetic acid stream to give purified acetic acid, (9) a section for separating the first overhead into a stream rich in acetaldehyde and a stream rich in methyl iodide, and (15) a section for absorption-treating an off-gas from the process with an absorption solvent and forming a carbon monoxide-rich stream and an acetic acid-rich stream.

Abstract: It is intended to provide a method capable of lowering a formic acid concentration in product acetic acid by a simple approach. The method for producing acetic acid according to the present invention comprises at least one step selected from a step that satisfies the following operating conditions (i) and a step that satisfies the following operating conditions (ii) in an acetic acid production process: (i) operating conditions involving a hydrogen partial pressure of less than 500 kPa (absolute pressure), a carbon dioxide partial pressure of less than 70 kPa (absolute pressure), and an operating temperature of more than 175° C.; and (ii) operating conditions involving a hydrogen partial pressure of not more than 5 kPa (absolute pressure), a carbon dioxide partial pressure of less than 20 kPa (absolute pressure), and an operating temperature of more than 100° C.

Abstract: Acetic acid is produced while inhibiting increased concentrations of hydrogen iodide and acetic acid in an acetaldehyde distillation column.