Abstract: A composite display device comprising a first display member 1 and a second display member disposed between the first display member 1 and an observer 14 wherein the second display member is an electro-optical element 2 which transmits light under application of no voltage and scatters light under application of a voltage, and the composite display device is clear and provides a feeling of open air in an unused state: allows an observer to see simultaneously a background scenery and a display effected by the electro-optical element in a used state, and provides to an observer an impression that a picture image is suspended in space.

Abstract: The liquid crystal display element has a pair of supporting substrates 10, 20 each having a transparent electrode patterned in a predetermined shape and an insulation film 12 formed on at least one transparent electrode 11 at a side of liquid crystal wherein the insulation film is a film which provides a refractive index difference of not more than 0.15 with respect to the refractive index of the transparent electrode and has a film thickness distribution of at least ±500 Å in the area of a radius of 500 &mgr;m, whereby a phenomenon of ITO bone appearance can be avoided without causing an increase of manufacturing cost and a reduction of productivity, and both requirements of the improvement of non-coloration characteristics of white and black and avoidance of a phenomenon of ITO bone appearance are satisfied.

Abstract: In order to fabricate a light reflective structure for a liquid crystal display, a photosensitive resin layer is formed with use of a thermosetting photosensitive resin, the photosensitive resin layer is exposed through a photomask having a particular pattern by a proximity method, the exposed photosensitive resin layer is developed to form an insolubilized resin layer, and the insolubilized resin layer is subjected to a heat treatment to have surface smoothness improved and to accelerate setting of the resin layer.

Abstract: A liquid display device of D-STN mode capable of suppressing a line-shaped ununiformity of brightness in displaying a dark appearance is presented.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display element comprising a color filter having a plurality of colored portions each having a different spectral color and a reflector wherein the color filter is so adapted that transmitted light from the standard C light source is substantially achromatic and the transmittance of visible light by the standard C light source is 30-65%.

Abstract: The liquid crystal display element has a pair of supporting substrates 10, 20 each having a transparent electrode patterned in a predetermined shape and an insulation film 12 formed on at least one transparent electrode 11 at a side of liquid crystal wherein the insulation film is a film which provides a refractive index difference of not more than 0.15 with respect to the refractive index of the transparent electrode and has a film thickness distribution of at least ±500 Å in the area of a radius of 500 &mgr;m, whereby a phenomenon of ITO bone appearance can be avoided without causing an increase of manufacturing cost and a reduction of productivity, and both requirements of the improvement of non-coloration characteristics of white and black and avoidance of a phenomenon of ITO bone appearance are satisfied.

Abstract: A transparent resist 13 having a certain thickness is provided on a full reflection film 11a at light reflection portions 11, and light reflection portions 12 are formed as holes having a certain depth, when one of the substrates 10 has an inner surface provided with the light reflection portions 11 made of the full reflection film 11a and the light transmission portions 12 formed as openings without the full reflection layer, and a color filter 14 is provided on each paired light reflection portion 11 and light transmission portion 12.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display (LCD) is improved. A driving method for a LCD which has a liquid crystal layer interposed between the first electrode and the second electrode so that voltages to be applied to pixels are changed, wherein voltage levels in a selection time in a Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) driving method are the same level between two successive column electrodes so as to obtain a color display or a gray scale display which corresponds to an intermediate voltage applied to a pixel.

Abstract: A color liquid crystal display device capable of displaying uniformly four colors of white, red, blue and green with high purity by multiplex driving is provided. In a system for effecting a multi-color display using a same display unit and utilizing retardation, at least one color polarizer is used between a pair of polarizers, which indicates a specified range wherein the polarizing efficiency of red or blue is relatively lower than that of green.

Abstract: In a liquid crystal display element provided with a liquid crystal layer having a memory function, 4.0≦a≦d·V/10 is satisfied where a represents a space (an interline width) between transparent electrodes 31, 31 adjacent to each other on the same surface of a substrate 3, d (&mgr;m) represents the thickness of the liquid crystal layer interposed between the transparent electrodes 21, 31 (a pixel portion D) opposing between upper and lower substrates 2, 3, VMAX represents the maximum effective voltage required to change a display, and a (&mgr;m) represents the maximum space of the transparent electrodes whereby a uniform alignment state in a pixel portion and an interline portion can be obtained.

Abstract: A color liquid crystal display device has a liquid crystal layer of nematic liquid crystal having positive dielectric anisotropy and including a chiral material, which is interposed between two substrates disposed substantially in parallel, each provided with a transparent electrode and an aligning layer. The twist angle of the liquid crystal layer of liquid crystal molecules determined by the aligning layer of each of the substrates is 160°-300°. A pair of polarizing plates disposed outside the liquid crystal layer. A driving circuit applies a driving voltage across the transparent electrodes. A birefringent plate is disposed between the liquid crystal layer and an upper polarizing plates and a product &Dgr;n1·d1 of a refractive index anisotropy &Dgr;n1 of the liquid crystal in the liquid crystal layer and a thickness d1 of the liquid crystal layer is 1.2 &mgr;m-2.5 &mgr;m.

Abstract: A reflective type STN color liquid crystal display device having polarizers a liquid crystal layer a birefringent plate, an absorbing axis of upper polarizer, an absorbing axis of lower polarizer. Also include is the direction of a long axis of a liquid crystal molecule at an upper side of the liquid crystal layer, the direction of a long axis of a liquid crystal molecule at a lower side, a slow axis of birefringent plate, scanning electrodes of an N number, and data electrodes. Further BR≦PN−2 is satisfied when PN=N0.5+1 and bias value BR=(Vr+Vc)/(Vc).

Abstract: A color liquid crystal display device has a liquid crystal layer of nematic liquid crystal having positive dielectric anisotropy and including a chiral material, which is interposed between two substrates disposed substantially in parallel, each provided with a transparent electrode and an aligning layer. The twist angle of the liquid crystal layer of liquid crystal molecules determined by the aligning layer of each of the substrates is 160.degree.-300.degree.. A pair of polarizing plates are disposed outside the liquid crystal layer. A driving circuit applies a driving voltage across the transparent electrodes. A birefringent plate is disposed between the liquid crystal layer and an upper polarizing plate and the product .DELTA.n.sub.1 .multidot.d.sub.1 of the refractive index anisotropy .DELTA.n.sub.1 of the liquid crystal in the liquid crystal layer and the thickness d.sub.1 of the liquid crystal layer is 1.2 .mu.m-2.5 .mu.m. The birefringent plate is formed to have a relation of n.sub.X .gtoreq.n.sub.Z .

Abstract: A reflection type color liquid crystal display apparatus comprising a polarizing plate 1 having an absorbing axis 18, a birefringent plate 3, a liquid crystal layer 6 and a reflection layer 8 wherein the absorbing axis 18, a first orientation 14, a second orientation 15, a first optical anisotropic axis 16 and a second anisotropic axis 17 are set so as to form predetermined crossing angles .theta..sub.1, .theta..sub.2, .theta..sub.3, .theta..sub.4, and selected voltage values of at least three values are applied to the liquid crystal layer 6 from a multiplex driving circuit 10.Without using a color filter, a very bright chromatic color (white or black) is displayed at the time of an OFF waveform even in multiplex driving, and development of colors of very bright red, blue and green can be obtained with a selection voltage or an intermediate voltage between the selection voltage and a non-selection voltage.

Abstract: The display device using a transparent-scattering type liquid crystal element has such a structure that the light quantity to an observer is controlled as possible when a black image is provided, and a high efficiency of light is maintained in comparison with the conventional technique when a white image is provided. A prism array 2 is disposed at the back surface of the transparent-scattering type display element so that a sawteeth-like surface of the prism array 2 faces the display element 1, and a light absorber 3 is disposed at the back surface of the prism array.

Abstract: An illumination device for a direct viewing type display element comprising a flat light guide; a light source set such that light is incident on a side portion of said flat light guide; a polarized light separating flat set on a first side of a light emitting side of the flat light guide for transmitting a p polarized light component and reflecting at least a portion of an s polarized light component with respect to a light ray substantially having a predetermined direction of incidence; and a light reflecting sheet disposed on a second side opposite to said light emitting side of the flat light guide in parallel with the light emitting site.

Abstract: An illumination device for a direct viewing type display element comprising a flat light guide; a light source set such that light is incident on a side portion of said flat light guide; a polarized light separating flat set on a first side of a light emitting side of the flat light guide for transmitting a p polarized light component and reflecting at least a portion of an s polarized light component with respect to a light ray substantially having a predetermined direction of incidence; and a light reflecting sheet disposed on a second side opposite to said light emitting side of the flat light guide in parallel with the light emitting site.

Abstract: An illumination device for a direct viewing type display element comprising a flat light guide; a light source set such that light is incident on a side portion of said flat light guide; a polarized light separating flat set on a first side of a light emitting side of the flat light guide for transmitting a p polarized light component and reflecting at least a portion of an a polarized light component with respect to a light ray substantially having a predetermined direction of incidence; and a light reflecting sheet disposed on a second side opposite to said light emitting side of the flat light guide in parallel with the light emitting site.