Abstract: The laser marking device comprises a laser source, an optical system for projecting a laser beam emitted from the laser source to form a laser spot on an object, a light distributing element that is disposed in an optical path of the optical system and includes at least one light distributing portion that distributes a part of the laser beam to form at least one static reference line on the object so that the laser spot is formed on the static reference line, a rotating mechanism that rotates at least a part of the optical system to form a dynamic reference on the object, and a switch for selecting between a rotation mode in which the rotating mechanism is activated and a stationary mode in which said rotating mechanism is not activated.

Abstract: An optical member inspecting apparatus comprises an illuminating unit for illuminating a target lens to be inspected and a photographing unit to detect the light transmitted through the target lens. The illumination unit has a circular diffuser plate on which a semi-circular light intercepting plate is attached. The diffuser plate can rotate about a rotation axis. The target lens is supported by an X-Y stage that moves the target lens in a plane perpendicular to the rotation axis. An image processing unit detects brightness distributions at different rotational positions of the light intercepting plate to calculate a brightness difference which represents a deviation of the optical axis of the target lens from the rotation axis. The image processing unit controls the X-Y stage based on the brightness difference so as to correct the deviation.

Abstract: An optical element inspecting apparatus for inspecting optical elements for defects. The optical element inspecting apparatus includes an illuminating unit, an image capturing unit, two polarizers, a rotation device, a controller, and a means for composing a plurality of image data captured by the image capturing unit.The optical element to be inspected is placed between the polarizers and is illuminated by the illuminating unit. The light that passes through the polarizers and the optical element is captured by the image capturing unit and stored in memory. The controller controls the rotation device such that the polarizers are rotated by a predetermined amount and a subsequent image data is captured. In this way, a number of image data are captured and all image data are composed to make a composite image data. The optical element is examined to detect flaws therein by using the composite image data.

Abstract: In a facsimile system received data is initially stored in an internal storage device, and subsequently is stored in an external storage device (hard disk drive or floppy disk drive) by a transfer process. The facsimile system stores the received data from a transmitting party in the internal storage device and determines a state of availability of the external storage device. When the external storage deice is available, the received data is transferred to the external storage device, and if not available, transfer is delayed until it becomes available.

Abstract: When image information is received, a main controller investigates the blank memory capacity of a floppy disk, after which the main controller executes processing for storing the received image information in an image-information semiconductor memory while confirming that sufficient blank memory remains in the image-information memory. If, during execution of the processing for storing the image information, the blank memory area of the image-information memory runs out so that no further image information can be stored there, or the quantity of image information to be stored in the image-information memory becomes greater than the blank memory capacity of the floppy disk, an error warning is issued, the processing for storing the image information is suspended and processing for interrupting communication is executed.

Abstract: A light projecting circuit of a photoelectric switch includes a light projecting element (2), a driver circuit (1, 3) for driving the light projecting element by use of pulses, and a change-over switch (4) for increasing or for decreasing an amount of light emitted from the light projecting element. With this provision, in an operation to adjust optical axes, the change-over switch can be used to increase the amount of the emitted light. Consequently, the position of the projected light beam can be easily confirmed.

Abstract: An electronic apparatus includes a case body having an opening in an upper side thereof, an annular groove provided on the outer periphery of the opening and an engaging hole in a portion of the case above the annular groove, an annular sealing ring inserted into the annular groove, a frame for supporting printed circuit boards on which electronic circuitry is mounted, the frame being formed to include a terminal base provided on the side of the opening of the case body, and having a resilient projection for mating with the engaging hole of the case body from an inner side thereof, and a main body cover provided with an inwardly directed projection for mating with the engaging hole of the case body from an outer side thereof, the main body cover covering the opening by mating the projection with the engaging hole of the case body.

Abstract: An optical encoder comprises a measuring section and a scanning grating plate. The measuring section comprises parallel light beam sources, light receiving elements located in opposition to the parallel light beam sources, converging devices disposed between the parallel light beam sources and the light receiving elements and a main grating plate arranged between the converging devices and the light receiving elements. The scanning grating plate is located between the main grating plate and the light receiving elements while allowing the scanning grating plate to move relative to the measuring section.

Abstract: A surveying instrument for measuring a rotation angle in which a rotation angle is measured from a reference direction and is displayed. The reference angle is set by zeroing the displayed angle. The display is zeroed only if a reset button is operated twice within a fixed period.

Abstract: An encoder having improved output abnormality detection. First and second input signals differing in phase from one another are compared by respective first and second comparators with a first reference level at an amplitude center of each of the first and second signals, and the outputs of the first and second comparators are applied to respective inputs of an EXCLUSIVE-OR gate. Third and fourth comparators compare a composite signal of the first and second signals with respective third and fourth reference levels located on opposite sides of the first reference level, and the output of the third and fourth comparators are applied to respective inputs of a first AND gate. A second AND gate, at the output of which the circuit output is provided, receives as inputs the output of the first AND gate and the output of the EXCLUSIVE-OR gate.

Abstract: A reference position-detecting device for use with a photoelectric, incremental encoder which produces a sinusoidal signal in response to the movement of an index scale relative to a main scale. A pattern comprising bright portions and dark portions alternately arranged is formed on the main scale. A similar pattern is formed on the index scale. The device comprises a random pattern formed at some location of the main scale, a similar random pattern formed at some location of the index scale, optical devices for producing a signal indicative of a reference position, a first pulse generator for producing pulses in response to the signal above, second and third pulse generators for producing two kinds of pulses that are 90.degree.

Abstract: An angle measuring device operating without a graduated board and of a type including a disc rotating a constant speed having a reference point fixed on the housing of a disc, an angle measuring arm concentric with the disc and rotatable, and a measuring point provided on the arm. In accordance with the invention, the ratio of an angle measuring time required for the disc to turn from the reference point to the measuring point to a one-revolution time of the disc is multiplied by 360.degree. to obtain an angle which is determined by the reference point, the center of the disc and the measuring point. This is effected with an angle measuring time integrating device for integrating data points corresponding to one-revolution time for each revolution of the disc, and an arithmetic unit for calculating a measured angle according to the ratio of the integrated value of the angle measuring times to the integrated value of the one-revolution times after the disc has made a predetermined number of revolutions.

Abstract: An improved angle measuring device in which rotational irregularity in the form of two cycles or more per rotational cycle of the motor driving device is compensated for completely. A period of time T.sub.1 required for a cutout formed in the periphery of a rotor rotating at a constant speed to make one revolution starting from a stationary reference point, and a period of time T.sub.2 required for the cutout to move between the reference point and an angle measuring point are obtained to evaluate 360.degree..times.(T.sub.2 /T.sub.1) to obtain the angle under measurement. The cutout has an angular width of approximately 90.degree., although angular widths in a range of 5.degree. to 355.degree. can be used as the situation demands.

Abstract: An elevation angle measuring device is designed to compensate for a slight inclination of the device. A vertical hanging member having a slit is arranged such that the slit acts as a photoelectric passage mask for a detector when the device has an inclination angle substantially equal to zero. The device is disabled by the vertical hanging member when the inclination angle of the device is not substantially equal to zero.

Abstract: A safety device for detecting troubles in an optical transmission fiber of a medical laser application to prevent accidents characterized by using either a laser light reflector from the exit end surface of the fiber or a secondary light. When trouble is detected, the safety device operates a mechanism for interrupting the coupling of a beam of laser light into the transmission fiber. The safety device includes an electrical circuit which allows appropriate use of the apparatus with the tip of the fiber in water or a physiological salt solution for treatment of a tumor in a urinary bladder. The electrical circuits will include amplifiers, comparators and logic circuits.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for measuring eye refraction errors in which a plurality of infrared patterns are projected onto an eye to be measured. The reflected light is directed onto corresponding light sensitive detectors the outputs of which are coupled through bandpass filters, an automatic gain control circuit and an A/D converter to a microprocessor. The microprocessor analyses the digitized outputs calculating refraction powers in accordance with a disclosed nonlinear regression technique. The refraction errors of the eye, along with a reliability coefficient, are calculated in accordance with the thusly determined refraction powers.

Abstract: An opthalmological instrument including a blinking detecting device for positively detecting when an eye is blinking to thereby eliminate errors in optical measurements due to variations in the signal light produced by the blinking. An optical system receives light beams reflected from a portion of an eye under examination to form an image of the front portion of the eye in an image plane. An image pickup element is disposed at the image plane and produces an output video signal in response thereto. A detecting circuit which receives the video signal determines whether or not the image pickup element exceeds a predetermined threshold value. If the threshold value is not exceeded, an indication is produced that blinking has occurred.