Abstract: A software package, a gateway for transmitting the same, and a software update method using the same are provided. A software package includes a binary file, a configuration file, and a hash file. The binary file includes read-only memory (ROM) data of a target controller. A management server generates the configuration file by combining a hash value obtained by hashing the binary file with meta information indicating an update procedure between a gateway and the target controller. The management server generates the hash file by hashing the configuration file. The gateway receives the software package and extract the binary file and the configuration file. The gateway transmits the binary file to the target controller according to the update procedure indicated by the meta information.

Abstract: A vehicular software update system for remotely performing a software update of a vehicle and a method thereof are provided. The vehicular software update system includes a management controller installed in a vehicle and a server that performs a remote software update in cooperation with the management controller. The management controller controls the vehicle to start in response to receiving a request for the remote software update from the server, downloads software for update from the server after controlling the vehicle to start, transmits the downloaded software for update to a performance controller in the background, determines whether the transmission of the software for update in the background is completed based on the vehicle being turned off, and performs a software update of the performance controller using the software for update based on the transmission of the software for update in the background being completed.

Abstract: A vehicular software update system includes a management controller coupled to a vehicle and at least one performance controller that receives software for over-the-air (OTA) update in the background from the management controller. The management controller determines a network load of the vehicle and adjusts a transmission speed of the software for OTA update, the software being transmitted to the at least one performance controller, based on a driving state of the vehicle and the network load of the vehicle.

Abstract: A display device includes a first base part, a semiconductor layer including a first semiconductor part disposed on the first base part and a second semiconductor part adjacent to a first side of the first semiconductor part in a first direction, a gate insulating layer disposed on the semiconductor layer and including a first gate insulating layer and a second gate insulating layer spaced apart from each other, and a gate conductive layer including a gate electrode disposed on the first gate insulating layer and overlapping the first semiconductor part and a first connecting electrode overlapping the second gate insulating layer and the second semiconductor part. The first connecting electrode includes a protrusion, the second gate insulating layer includes a recess, and the protrusion of the first connecting electrode overlaps the recess of the second gate insulating layer.

Abstract: A display device includes a metal layer disposed on a substrate; a transistor disposed on the metal layer; and a light emitting element electrically connected to the transistor, wherein the transistor includes a semiconductor layer at least partially overlapping the metal layer, the semiconductor layer includes a first region, a second region, and a channel region disposed between the first region and the second region, and the metal layer overlaps the second region and the channel region and is spaced apart from the first region in a plan view.

Abstract: A display device includes: a substrate including a display area and a peripheral area positioned outside the display area; a first power supply line positioned in the peripheral area; a first insulating layer positioned on the first power supply line; and a second power supply line positioned on the first insulating layer in the peripheral area. The first power supply line includes a first main wire extending in a first direction and a first sub-wire diverging toward the display area from the first main wire, the second power supply line includes a second main wire extending in the first direction and a second sub-wire diverging toward the display area from the second main wire, the first main wire includes an internal edge positioned near the first sub-wire and an external edge facing the internal edge, and the second main wire does not overlap the internal edge in a plan view.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device includes a substrate including a display area in which display pixels are arranged in a row direction and a column direction, a first dummy area, which is adjacent to a first side, in the row direction, of the display area, and a second dummy area, which is adjacent to a second side, in the row direction, of the display area, pixel electrodes on the substrate, the pixel electrodes including display pixel electrodes, which are respectively disposed in the display pixels, first dummy pixel electrodes, which are disposed in the first dummy area in the column direction, and second dummy pixel electrodes, which are disposed in the second dummy area in the column direction, and an alignment layer disposed on the pixel electrodes, where an average thickness of the alignment layer is larger in the first and second dummy areas than in the display area.

Abstract: Provided is a liquid crystal photo alignment agent including: a solid including at least one of a polyimide polymer, cyclobutane dianhydride (CBDA) or diamine; a first solvent including at least one of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, N-ethyl-2-pyrrolidone, dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethyl formamide, ?-butyrolacton or propylene carbonate; and a second solvent including at least one of propylene glycol monobutyl ether, dipropylene glycol monomethyl ether, propylene glycol n-propyl ether, diethylene glycol diethyl ether or diacetone alcohol, wherein the first solvent is included in an amount of about 50 wt % to about 80 wt % based on the total weight of the liquid crystal photo alignment agent; and the second solvent is included in an amount of about 15 wt % to about 40 wt % based on the total weight of the liquid crystal photo alignment agent. Also provided is a method of manufacturing a liquid crystal display including the liquid crystal photo alignment agent.

Abstract: A display device includes a first base substrate, first through n-th gate lines, first through (m+1)-th data lines, and a plurality of pixels. Each of the first through n-th gate lines extends in a first direction. Each of the first through (m+1)-th data lines extends in a second direction crossing the first direction. The plurality of pixels is arranged in a matrix form. Each of the plurality of pixels is coupled to a corresponding one of the gate lines and a corresponding one of the data lines. Each pixel in the first column among the plurality of pixels is independently driven from each pixel in the second column among the plurality of pixels. Pixels in the first column and pixels in the m-th column are provided in the non-display area. Pixels coupled to the first data line and pixels coupled to the (m+1)-th data line display a black image.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display includes a first substrate and a second substrate facing each other; a pixel electrode disposed on the first substrate; a first alignment layer formed on at least one of the first substrate and the second substrate; a second alignment layer disposed on a same substrate as the first alignment layer, and a liquid crystal layer interposed between the first substrate and the second substrate, where the first alignment layer is a rubbing alignment layer, and the second alignment layer is a photo-alignment layer. A method of manufacturing the liquid crystal display is also provided.

Abstract: A display apparatus includes a first substrate, a second substrate, and a spacer. The first substrate includes pixel areas including first and second pixel areas adjacent to each other and arranged in a matrix form defined by first and second directions substantially perpendicular to each other. The second substrate faces the first substrate. The spacer is disposed on the second substrate to extend toward the first substrate. Each of the pixel areas includes a pixel electrode and a thin film transistor connected to the pixel electrode through a contact hole.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display includes a first insulation substrate, a gate line and a data line disposed on the first insulation substrate and insulated from and intersecting each other, a first passivation layer covering the gate line and the data line, a common electrode positioned on the first passivation layer and including a step-removed part, a second passivation layer covering the common electrode, a pixel electrode positioned on the second passivation layer, a second insulation substrate facing the first insulation substrate, and a main column spacer positioned on the second insulation substrate, where the step-removed part is provided by removing the common electrode at a position corresponding to the main column spacer.

Abstract: A display apparatus includes a timing controller for converting data values of black image signals to have one polarity with respect to a common voltage and for converting data values of low gray scale image signals to have one polarity with respect to the common voltage, a data driver for converting the image signals outputted from the timing controller into data voltages, and a plurality of pixels for receiving the data voltages in response to gate signals to display an image. The low gray scale image signals displays a gray scale equal to or less than a reference gray scale at a surrounding temperature lower than a reference temperature.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device includes a substrate including a display area in which display pixels are arranged in a row direction and a column direction, a first dummy area, which is adjacent to a first side, in the row direction, of the display area, and a second dummy area, which is adjacent to a second side, in the row direction, of the display area, pixel electrodes on the substrate, the pixel electrodes including display pixel electrodes, which are respectively disposed in the display pixels, first dummy pixel electrodes, which are disposed in the first dummy area in the column direction, and second dummy pixel electrodes, which are disposed in the second dummy area in the column direction, and an alignment layer disposed on the pixel electrodes, where an average thickness of the alignment layer is larger in the first and second dummy areas than in the display area.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display includes a plurality of red pixel areas, a plurality of green pixel areas, a plurality of blue pixel areas, and a light blocking member which defines the plurality of red pixel areas, the plurality of green pixel areas, and the plurality of blue pixel areas therein, and includes an expansion portion which overlaps a spacer which maintains a cell gap and is provided between the plurality of green pixel areas and the plurality of blue pixel areas and between the plurality of red pixel areas and the plurality of green pixel areas.

Abstract: Provided is a liquid crystal photo alignment agent including: a solid including at least one of a polyimide polymer, cyclobutane dianhydride (CBDA) or diamine; a first solvent including at least one of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, N-ethyl-2-pyrrolidone, dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethyl formamide, ?-butyrolacton or propylene carbonate; and a second solvent including at least one of propylene glycol monobutyl ether, dipropylene glycol monomethyl ether, propylene glycol n-propyl ether, diethylene glycol diethyl ether or diacetone alcohol, wherein the first solvent is included in an amount of about 50 wt % to about 80 wt % based on the total weight of the liquid crystal photo alignment agent; and the second solvent is included in an amount of about 15 wt % to about 40 wt % based on the total weight of the liquid crystal photo alignment agent. Also provided is a method of manufacturing a liquid crystal display including the liquid crystal photo alignment agent.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display includes: a first substrate and a second substrate facing each other. The first substrate includes a gate line which defines a gate electrode; a passivation layer on the gate line; a pixel in which are disposed, a pixel electrode and a common electrode which overlap each other with an insulating layer therebetween; and a first auxiliary wire and a second auxiliary wire each disposed between the passivation layer and the insulating layer, the first and second auxiliary wires extended parallel to a direction in which the gate line extends, the extended first and second auxiliary wires spaced apart from each other by a gap. The second substrate includes a column spacer. In a plan view a center point of the column spacer of the second substrate is disposed in the gap between the first auxiliary wire and the second auxiliary wire of the first substrate.

Abstract: A display device includes a first base substrate, first through n-th gate lines, first through (m+1)-th data lines, and a plurality of pixels. Each of the first through n-th gate lines extends in a first direction. Each of the first through (m+1)-th data lines extends in a second direction crossing the first direction. The plurality of pixels is arranged in a matrix form. Each of the plurality of pixels is coupled to a corresponding one of the gate lines and a corresponding one of the data lines. Each pixel in the first column among the plurality of pixels is independently driven from each pixel in the second column among the plurality of pixels. Pixels in the first column and pixels in the m-th column are provided in the non-display area. Pixels coupled to the first data line and pixels coupled to the (m+1)-th data line display a black image.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display includes: a first substrate and a second substrate facing each other. The first substrate includes a gate line which defines a gate electrode; a passivation layer on the gate line; a pixel in which are disposed, a pixel electrode and a common electrode which overlap each other with an insulating layer therebetween; and a first auxiliary wire and a second auxiliary wire each disposed between the passivation layer and the insulating layer, the first and second auxiliary wires extended parallel to a direction in which the gate line extends, the extended first and second auxiliary wires spaced apart from each other by a gap. The second substrate includes a column spacer.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display includes a first substrate and a second substrate facing each other; a pixel electrode disposed on the first substrate; a first alignment layer formed on at least one of the first substrate and the second substrate; a second alignment layer disposed on a same substrate as the first alignment layer, and a liquid crystal layer interposed between the first substrate and the second substrate, where the first alignment layer is a rubbing alignment layer, and the second alignment layer is a photo-alignment layer. A method of manufacturing the liquid crystal display is also provided.