Abstract: A liquid crystal display device having a liquid crystal cell including: a pair of substrates at least one of which has light transparency; a chiral nematic liquid crystal layer having positive anisotropy of dielectric constant, disposed between the pair of substrates; and a voltage applying circuit for applying a voltage to the liquid crystal layer, wherein the liquid crystal layer contains a pleochroic dye, and liquid crystal molecules in the liquid crystal layer are twisted with respect to a helical axis perpendicular to surfaces of the pair of substrates, a twist angle of the liquid crystal molecules from one of the pair of substrates to the other of the pair of substrates is in a range selected from the group consisting of a range from 0.degree. to 50.degree., a range from 140.degree. to 250.degree., and a range of twist angles obtained by adding an integral multiple of n radian to the twist angles in the range from 0.degree. to 50.degree. and in the range from 140.degree. to 250.degree..

Abstract: A compressor includes front and rear cylinder blocks, a drive shaft rotatably supported by the cylinder blocks, a swash plate mounted on the drive shaft, a plurality of cylinder bores defined in the cylinder blocks and located around the drive shaft, and a plurality of pistons respectively disposed in the cylinder bores. The pistons reciprocate by converting rotation of the drive shaft with the swash plate. A plurality of compression chambers are defined in the cylinder bores for compressing the gas supplied to the cylinder bores in accordance with the reciprocating movement of the pistons. Each compression chamber has dead volume defined by a space having a predetermined volume when the associated piston is at top dead center in each cylinder bore. A reference capacity is defined by the capacity when the piston is at a bottom dead center of the cylinder bore that has the smallest dead volume.

Abstract: A compressor includes a drive shaft rotatably supported by a housing, a swash plate supported on the drive shaft, a plurality of cylinder bores defined in the housing, a plurality of pistons positioned in associated cylinder bores and a clutch. The clutch engaged and disengaged by a solenoid. A dynamic damper is positioned on the rear side of the drive shaft. The dynamic damper includes an elastic portion made of rubber and a mass portion made of metal. In another embodiment, the mass portion of the dynamic damper has a plurality of radially extending projections. In a further embodiment, the dynamic damper has a ring shape and is fixed to the armature of the clutch.

Abstract: A reflector includes a substrate, a plurality of convex/concave portions formed on the substrate, and a thin reflective film formed over the convex/concave portions. When light is incident upon the reflector from a certain direction, an intensity of reflected light in a viewing angle range of about -45.degree. to +45.degree. with respect to a regular reflection direction of the incident light is about 60% or more of an intensity of light which is incident upon a standard white plate from a direction inclined by about 30.degree. from a direction normal to the plate and is reflected to the direction normal to the plate.

Abstract: A reflective liquid crystal display device includes a pair of substrates and a liquid crystal layer interposed therebetween. The liquid crystal layer includes a liquid crystal material and a dichroic dye contained therein, and long axis of liquid crystal molecules near the substrate is substantially parallel to the substrate. A plurality of parameters of the reflective liquid crystal display device are set so that a product K.sub.M cd of a value K.sub.M, a dye concentration c and a thickness d of the liquid crystal layer satisfies the following relationship:3.0S.sup.2 -7.3S+5.7.ltoreq.K.sub.M cd.ltoreq.14.7S.sup.2 -15.1S+6.15wherein, the value K.sub.M is a value defined by absorption coefficients for linearly-polarized light substantially parallel to and perpendicular to the liquid crystal molecules, and an order parameter S of the liquid crystal layer.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device of high display quality and superior sharpness is presented. Large bumps and small bumps made of synthetic resin material are formed on a glass substrate. Covering these bumps and filling the recesses among the bumps, a smoothing film is formed. On the smoothing film, a reflective metal film made of metal material such as aluminum is formed. This reflective metal film is formed in plural rows in a longitudinal band form. On the glass substrate, the bumps, smoothing film, and reflective metal film are combined to compose a reflector. An orientation film is formed on the reflective metal film. By the electric field applied in the liquid crystal layer so as to be in the light shielding state when the retardation .DELTA.n.sub.1 d.sub.1 of the liquid crystal cell and the retardation .DELTA.n.sub.2 d.sub.2 of the substrate possessing optical phase compensating function satisfy .vertline..DELTA.n.sub.1 d.sub.1 -.DELTA.n.sub.2 d.sub.2 .vertline./.lambda.=0.25+m/2.+-.0.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device comprising: a color filter layer having a set of a cyan color filter, a magenta color filter, a yellow color filter for each pixel, each of the color filters being aligned in parallel with each other, a first liquid crystal layer, provided for the color filters, for changing transmittance of light within a first range of wavelengths when an external electric field is applied thereto, and a second liquid crystal layer, provided for the color filters, for changing transmittance of light within a second range of wavelength when an external electric field is applied thereto, the first range of wavelengths being different from the second range of wavelengths. The color filter layer, and first and second liquid crystal layers can be laminated in an arbitrary order. As a result, a liquid crystal display device which realizes a high efficiency of light and bright multi-color display can be provided.

Abstract: An object of the present invention iso attain switching at a high contrast ratio and a high light utilization factor. Incident light from a second surface of a prism is not reflected by the surface of a transmission substrate but guided to refractive index substance layers. The incident light is split into light reflected by the interface between the refractive index substance layers and light passing through the interface in accordance with the relationship between the refractive indices of the refractive index substance layers. The transmitted light is reflected by the surface of a reflecting electrode tilted by angle .delta. with respect to the surface of an insulating substrate. The light reflected by the interface goes out in a direction different from the direction of the light reflected by the surface of the reflecting electrode.

Abstract: A reflective liquid crystal display device including a first substrate and a second substrate, a liquid crystal layer interposed between the first and second substrates, a polarizing plate, and a reflection layer; wherein the polarizing plate and the reflection layer are located on opposite sides of the liquid crystal layer. A surface of the reflection layer reflecting light has projections, and an occupation of an area of portions where a tilt angle of a tangent line drawn against a profile of the surface with the projections is less than 2.degree. in a total area of the surface is in a range of 20% to 60%.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device of high display quality and superior sharpness is presented. Large bumps and small bumps made of synthetic resin material are formed on a glass substrate. The bottom diameters of the large bumps and small bumps are defined, for example, at 5 .mu.m and 3 .mu.m, respectively, and their interval is at least, for example, 2 .mu.m or more. Covering these bumps and filling the recesses among the bumps, a smoothing film is formed. On the smoothing film, a reflective metal film made of metal material such as aluminum is formed. This reflective a metal film is formed in plural rows in a longitudinal band form. On the glass substrate, the bumps, smoothing film, and reflective metal film are combined to compose a reflector. An orientation film is formed on the reflective metal film. By the electric field applied in the liquid crystal layer so as to be in the light shielding state when the retardation .DELTA.n.sub.1 d.sub.1 of the liquid crystal cell and the retardation .DELTA.n.sub.2 d.

Abstract: A reflection type liquid crystal display device of the present invention includes: a first substrate having a reflective electrode formed thereon; a second substrate having a transparent counter substrate and a color filter formed thereon; and a liquid crystal layer interposed between the first and second substrates, wherein the color filter includes a red color filter portion and a cyan color filter portion. The cyan color filter portion transmits light having a complementary color of a color of light transmitted through the red color filter portion. The light transmitted through the red color filter portion has a chromaticity (x, y) on the XYZ color system chromaticity diagram satisfying the following formulae at a 2.degree. viewing angle using a standard light source D.sub.65 :(0.038).sup.2 .ltoreq.(x-0.313).sup.2 +(25/4).multidot.(y-0.329).sup.2 .ltoreq.(0.178).sup.2 ;y.ltoreq.0.145x+0.236; andy.gtoreq.-0.233x+0.376.

Abstract: A liquid crystal device includes a pair of substrates, a liquid crystal layer interposed between the pair of substrates, at least one polarizing element, and a plurality of pixels. A retardation (d.times..DELTA.n) of the liquid crystal layer satisfies the relation:d.times..DELTA.n>.lambda./2when incident light is output after passing through the liquid crystal layer once. The retardation satisfies the relation:2d.times..DELTA.n>.lambda./2when the incident light is output after passing through the liquid crystal layer twice. In these relations, d a thickness of the liquid crystal layer, .DELTA.n is a birefringence, and .lambda. is a wavelength of the light incident on the liquid crystal layer. A driving voltage supplier applies a driving voltage including a voltage higher than a maximum voltage providing an extremum of the output light intensity in a voltage-output light intensity characteristic of the pixels to the plurality of pixels.

Abstract: The reflection-type liquid crystal display device has a pair of substrates disposed opposite to each other and a liquid crystal layer interposed therebetween. A plurality of gate bus wirings and source bus wirings are formed on the surface on the liquid crystal layer side of an insulating substrate composing one substrate to be at right angles to each other and maintain the insulation therebetween. A reflection electrode is formed in the rectangular region formed by the crossing of the gate bus wiring with the source bus wiring. The reflection electrode and the gate bus and source bus wirings are connected through a TFT element. The reflection electrode has a bumpy surface, in the peripheral region of which the ratio of the surface area excluding dents to the total surface area of the peripheral portion of the reflection electrode is selected to be in the range of 60 to 100%.

Abstract: A non-volatile memory device according to the present invention includes: a substrate; a storage medium provided above the substrate; a writing unit having a heating unit provided above the substrate, for heating the storage medium by the heating unit to write data in the storage medium with a thermal change of a physical value of the storage medium; and a reading unit having an electrical reading unit provided above the substrate, for reading the change of the physical value of the storage medium as data written in the storage medium by the electrical reading unit.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device is disclosed. The display device uses a phase transition type guest-host mode. The device is made with a pair of substrates (31, 45). One substrate is a transparent substrate and having a transparent electrode (47) and an aligning film (48) formed in this order. The other substrate is located opposite to the transparent substrate and has an insulating film (34), a reflection plate (38), and an aligning film (44) formed in this order. The reflection plate has projections (42a,b) at the surface. The aligning films are subjected to a vertical aligning treatment relative to the respective substrates. A liquid crystal composition is disposed between the aligning films, and has a nematic liquid crystal, a chiral additive and a two-tone pigment. A helical pitch (P.sub.o) of the liquid crystal composition and the cell thickness (d) of the liquid crystal display device satisfy the relation of 1.5<d/P.sub.o .gtoreq.4.

Abstract: A display apparatus includes two substrates having electrodes, respectively, and a liquid crystal layer arranged between the two substrates. One of the two substrates includes a plurality of linear luminous sources ranged in parallel each other, a plurality of linear electrodes ranged in parallel each other and the linear electrodes being crossed with the plurality of linear luminous sources, and a plurality of photoconductive layers provided at crossed positions of the plurality of linear luminous sources and the plurality of linear electrodes, the photoconductive layers serving to perform switching operation in response to light applied from the plurality of linear luminous sources. The liquid crystal has pixels to be driven by a signal applied through the plurality of linear electrodes and the plurality of photoconductive layers.

Abstract: A reflective substrate is provided, in which an electrode made of a material having an optical reflecting function is provided above an insulating base substrate and an upper surface of the electrode has a continuous wave shape without any flat portions. A method for manufacturing the reflective substrate includes the steps of: forming a plurality of convex portions with two or more different heights in a region where the electrode is provided; forming a polymer resin film, which has an upper surface in a continuous wave shape without any flat portions, on the substrate with the convex portions; and forming the electrode made of a material having an optical reflecting function on the polymer resin film so that the electrode has a continuous wave shape.

Abstract: The object of this invention is to enhance the display quality of reflection type liquid crystal display device having the constitutions of an organic insulating film is formed on a thin film transistor formed on a substrate, and contact holes and bumps are formed at the positions for forming reflection electrodes on the organic insulating film. The reflection electrodes are formed thereon, and drain electrodes and reflection electrodes 38 are connected through the contact holes. The effect of this invention is since the bumps are formed only in the portions of the reflection electrodes, patterning of the reflection electrodes is easy, and insulation failure between source bus wirings and reflection electrodes does not occur, and the display quality is enhanced.

Abstract: In a color liquid-crystal display apparatus using mosaic arrangements, the same color of picture elements which are driven by the same signal electrode are alternately arranged right and left. Accordingly, all that is necessary is that the same color of picture signal is applied upon the same signal electrode in spite of the mosaic arrangement. Thus, a circuit which switches a color image signal of an analog line memory is unnecessary, so that the driving circuit is extremely simplified.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display element of optical writing type, includes: a first transparent substrate; a first transparent electrode layer formed on the first transparent substrate; a photoconductive layer formed on the first transparent electrode layer; a light absorbing layer formed on the photoconductive layer; a light reflecting layer formed on the light absorbing layer and composed of a macro molecular film of cholesteric liquid crystal; a second transparent substrate; a second transparent electrode layer formed on the second transparent substrate; and a liquid crystal layer disposed between the second transparent electrode layer and the light reflecting layer.