Abstract: A state estimation device for a battery assembly including rechargeable batteries acquires battery information of each rechargeable battery, stores a battery model of the battery assembly including the battery information of a rechargeable battery, and estimates a battery state of the battery assembly based on the battery information of each rechargeable battery and the battery model. The state estimation unit estimates the battery state of the battery assembly based on the battery information of each rechargeable battery, uses the estimated battery states of the battery assembly as a state variable, and applies an optimum filter for performing optimization based on a distribution of a plurality of sample points to a state equation and an output equation included in the battery model to calculate a gain for correcting the state variable.

Abstract: A state estimation device for a battery assembly including rechargeable batteries acquires battery information of each rechargeable battery, stores a battery model of the battery assembly including the battery information of a rechargeable battery, and estimates a battery state of the battery assembly based on the battery information of each rechargeable battery and the battery model. The state estimation unit estimates the battery state of the battery assembly based on the battery information of each rechargeable battery, uses the estimated battery states of the battery assembly as a state variable, and applies an optimum filter for performing optimization based on a distribution of a plurality of sample points to a state equation and an output equation included in the battery model to calculate a gain for correcting the state variable.

Abstract: Provided is a device for estimating secondary cell status using multiple models. The device for estimating secondary cell status uses multiple models, model 1, model 2, and model 3, to estimate the status of respective secondary cells. An arithmetic unit compares the estimated voltage values obtained from model 1, model 2, and model 3 with measured voltage values, sets the model having the highest correlation as the optimal model, optimizes the parameters of such model, and estimates secondary cell status.

Abstract: Provided is a device for estimating secondary cell status using multiple models. The device for estimating secondary cell status uses multiple models, model 1, model 2, and model 3, to estimate the status of respective secondary cells. An arithmetic unit compares the estimated voltage values obtained from model 1, model 2, and model 3 with measured voltage values, sets the model having the highest correlation as the optimal model, optimizes the parameters of such model, and estimates secondary cell status.

Abstract: There is provided an apparatus that calculates a polarization voltage of a secondary battery. A temperature sensor detects a temperature of the secondary battery; a voltage sensor detects a voltage of the secondary battery; and a current sensor detects an electric current of the secondary battery. A battery ECU calculates a polarization voltage based on the electric current and adaptively sets an upper limit value and a lower limit value of the polarization voltage according to a temperature characteristic of the secondary battery. The calculated polarization voltage is compared with an upper limit value and a lower limit value, whereby the polarization voltage is corrected. An SOC is estimated based on the corrected polarization voltage.

Abstract: There is provided an apparatus that calculates a polarization voltage of a secondary battery. A temperature sensor detects a temperature of the secondary batter; a voltage sensor detects a voltage of the secondary battery; and a current sensor detect an electric current of the secondary battery. A battery ECU calculates a polarization voltage based on the electric current and adaptively sets an upper limit value and a lower limit value of the polarization voltage according to a temperature characteristic of the secondary battery. The calculated polarization voltage is compared with an upper limit value and a lower limit value, whereby the polarization voltage is corrected. An SOC is estimated based on the corrected polarization voltage.

Abstract: An electrodeposited copper foil with low surface roughness having a surface roughness Rz not higher than 2.5 ?m and an elongation percentage not smaller than 6% at 180° C. in which tensile strength at 25° C. measured within 20 min of the point in time of ending electrodeposition is not higher than 500 MPa and the lowering rate of tensile strength at 25° C. measured within 300 min of the point in time of ending electrodeposition is not higher than 10%. The electrodeposited copper foil with low surface roughness is produced by a process employing aqueous solution of sulfuric acid-copper sulfate as electrolyte and conducting a DC current between an insoluble anode of titanium coated with a platinum metal element or its oxide element and a titanium cathode drum facing the anode, wherein the electrolyte contains hydroxyethylcellulose, polyethyleneimine, a sulfonate of active organic sulfur compound, acetylene glycol and chlorine ions.

Abstract: An electrodeposited copper foil with low surface roughness having a surface roughness Rz not higher than 2.5 ?m and an elongation percentage not smaller than 6% at 180° C. in which tensile strength at 25° C. measured within 20 min of the point in time of ending electrodeposition is not higher than 500 MPa and the lowering rate of tensile strength at 25° C. measured within 300 min of the point in time of ending electrodeposition is not higher than 10%. The electrodeposited copper foil with low surface roughness is produced by a process employing aqueous solution of sulfuric acid-copper sulfate as electrolyte and conducting a DC current between an insoluble anode of titanium coated with a platinum metal element or its oxide element and a titanium cathode drum facing the anode, wherein the electrolyte contains hydroxyethylcellulose, polyethyleneimine, a sulfonate of active organic sulfur compound, acetylene glycol and chlorine ions.

Abstract: An electrolytic copper foil with low roughness surface whose surface roughness (Rz) is 2.0 ?m or less, the surface uniformly provided with low roughness without uneven surge, which electrolytic copper foil exhibits a percent elongation of 10.0% or higher at 180° C. This electrolytic copper foil with low roughness surface can be obtained by a process for producing an electrolytic copper foil, comprising passing a direct current between an insoluble anode consisting of a titanium plate coated with a Platinum Group element or oxide thereof and a titanium drum as a cathode counter to the anode in an electrolyte of an aqueous solution of sulfuric acid/copper sulfate, wherein the electrolyte contains an oxyethylene surfactant a polyethyleneimine or derivative thereof, a sulfonate of active organosulfer compound and chloride ions.