Abstract: A battery, having a plurality of cells stacked in series. Each of the cells having a positive electrode, a negative electrode and a separator that contain an electrolyte. The battery utilizes a thin section of carbon provided between adjacent cells as the bipolar walls. The bipolar wall may be a thin, preferably flexible, sheet of graphite. The carbon bipolar wall may also be formed by tape casting.

Abstract: A transcutaneous blood carbon dioxide sensor together with a method for making such a sensor and for making electrodes used in the sensor. The sensor comprises a palladium/palladium oxide junction type electrode and a silver/silver halide junction type electrode applied to an electrically nonconductive substrate, partially coated with an insulative dielectric and partially coated with a polymeric membrane material including a bound electrolyte, the polymeric membrane material being permeable to carbon dioxide. The Pd/PD0 electrode was made cathodic prior to terminating the electro-oxidizing conditions.

Abstract: Disclosed is a solid state oxygen sensor utilizing a noble metal first electrode and a silver/silver halide reference electrode and an oxygen permeable polymeric membrane electrolyte. Also disclosed is a method of producing said sensor and a method of using said sensor.