Abstract: The electrophotographic photosensitive member includes a support and a photosensitive layer on the support, in which a surface layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member contains a particle, the surface layer has a particle partially exposed from the surface layer among the particle contained in the surface layer, the particle has a volume average particle diameter of 50.0 nm or more and 350.0 nm or less; in a cross-section of the surface layer, the number of the particle partially exposed from the surface layer is 80% by number or more based on a total number of the particle contained in the surface layer; and a total volume of an exposed portion of the particle partially exposed from the surface layer is 30% by volume or more and 80% by volume or less based on an entire volume of the particle contained in the surface layer.

Abstract: Provided is an electrophotographic photosensitive member that achieves satisfactory transferability. An electrophotographic photosensitive member including a charge generating layer, a charge transporting layer, and a protection layer laminated on a support in the stated order, wherein the protection layer contains a binder resin and particles, and wherein when an average thickness of the protection layer in a site free of the particles is represented by T and a volume-average particle diameter of the particles is represented by Dm in a cross-section of the protection layer, the following formula (a) is satisfied.

Abstract: A thin film of metal oxide includes zinc (Zn); tin (Sn); silicon (Si); and oxygen (O). In terms of oxide, based on 100 mol % of total of oxides of the thin film, SnO2 is greater than 15 mol % but less than or equal to 95 mol %.

Abstract: A method for producing an electrophotographic photosensitive member including: forming a photosensitive layer; and forming a protective layer, wherein the step of forming the photosensitive layer forms a photosensitive layer having an amount of residual solvent of a first solvent in the photosensitive layer of 0.05% to 2.50% and an amount of residual solvent of a second solvent in the photosensitive layer of 0.50% to 2.50%, and the step of forming the protective layer includes step (A) of forming a cured film and step (B) of forming the protective layer having wrinkle shapes, wherein, in step (A), the irradiated coating film is heated at a heating temperature lower than a boiling point of the first solvent and in step (B), the cured film is heated at a heating temperature higher than a boiling point of the first solvent.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an antiviral material including a Cu-M-O compound, in which the Cu at least includes a monovalent-state Cu and the M is at least one element selected from the group consisting of B, Al, Sc, Ti, Co, Cr, Ni, Ga, Y, Zr, In, Rh, and a lanthanoid.

Abstract: There is provided an electrophotographic photosensitive member comprising: a support, a photosensitive layer, and a surface layer in this order, wherein an outer surface of the electrophotographic photosensitive member exhibits a wrinkled shape by having a concavo-convex shape, the surface layer comprises a binder resin and an inorganic particle, and at least a part of the inorganic particle exposes at a concave portion of the concavo-convex shape.

Abstract: A process cartridge including: an electrophotographic photosensitive member having a drum shape; a developing unit for developing an electrostatic latent image on the surface of the electrophotographic photosensitive member with toner; and a cleaning blade for removing the toner on the surface of the electrophotographic photosensitive member, the cleaning blade being in contact with the electrophotographic photosensitive member, wherein the electrophotographic photosensitive member comprises wrinkles on the surface of the electrophotographic photosensitive member, and wherein the toner has a fluidity torque E of 320 mJ or more.

Abstract: A transparent antenna includes a transparent substrate; and a metal thin wire layer on an upper side of the transparent substrate. The transparent substrate has a thickness of 300 ?m or less. The metal thin wire layer has an opening ratio of 80% or more. When a metal conductor having a surface resistivity ? ?/sq is placed parallel to the transparent antenna 0.15 mm apart, an input reflection coefficient S11(?, f) and a radiation efficiency Eff(?, f) at a frequency f satisfy relations S11(0.1 ?/sq, f1 GHz)<?3 dB, S11(0.1 ?/sq, f2 GHz)<?3 dB, and |Eff(0.1 ?/sq, f1 GHz)?Eff(0.1 ?/sq, f2 GHz)|<25% at two frequencies f1 and f2 that are between 2 GHz and 50 GHz.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a photoelectric conversion element including a first electrode 3, a second electrode 7, a photoelectric conversion layer 5 between the first electrode 3 and the second electrode 7, and a reflection layer 6 between one of the first electrode 3 and the second electrode 7 and the photoelectric conversion layer 5. The wavelength at which the reflectance of the reflection layer 6 is maximum in the visible region is within the range of wavelengths in which the optical absorption coefficient of the photoelectric conversion layer 5 is ? or more of the maximum optical absorption coefficient in the visible region.

Abstract: A process cartridge including: an electrophotographic photosensitive member having a drum shape; a developing unit for developing an electrostatic latent image on the surface of the electrophotographic photosensitive member with toner; and a cleaning blade for removing the toner on the surface of the electrophotographic photosensitive member, the cleaning blade being in contact with the electrophotographic photosensitive member, wherein the electrophotographic photosensitive member comprises wrinkles on the surface of the electrophotographic photosensitive member, and wherein the toner has a fluidity torque E of 320 mJ or more.

Abstract: In an electrophotographic photosensitive member, wrinkles have a convex portion in which a linear shape portion having a length of 50 ?m or longer exists, the linear shape portion is parallel to any one of L1 to L150 and L1651 to L1800, and each of L1 to L1800 intersects with the convex portion at a plurality of places, and at least two of the places have different intersection angles; and when height information of the wrinkles is subjected to a frequency analysis, and a two-dimensional power spectrum is obtained, a one-dimensional radial distribution function has at least one local maximum value, and when an angular distribution is calculated from the spectrum at a frequency of the local maximum value, the power values have a particular relationship.

Abstract: A process cartridge which allows any spot and stripe as image defects to be suppressed is provided. A process cartridge, in which an electroconductive layer of a charging member has a matrix including a first rubber, and domains dispersed in the matrix, the domains include a second rubber and an electron electroconductive agent, at least some of the domains are exposed on a surface of the charging member, when a volume resistivity of the matrix is 105 times or more a volume resistivity of the domains, a protective layer of an electrophotographic photosensitive member includes a metal oxide particle, and when a number average primary particle size of the metal oxide particle is defined as Sm and an average value of equivalent circle diameters of the domains is defined as Sd, the Sd/Sm satisfies the following expression (1): 0.5<Sd/Sm<100 . . . expression (1).

Abstract: Provided is an electrophotographic photosensitive drum that achieves both of a reduction in torque of the electrophotographic photosensitive drum at the time of its cleaning and an improvement in image transferability. The electrophotographic photosensitive drum includes: a support; and a photosensitive layer arranged on the support, the electrophotographic photosensitive drum having arranged on an outer surface thereof at least two structure groups having different appearance periods, wherein when, out of the two structure groups, a group including structures having a smaller appearance period is defined as a first structure group, and a group including structures having a larger appearance period is defined as a second structure group, a height of the first structure group is lower than a height of the second structure group.

Abstract: There is provided a process cartridge detachably attachable to a main body of an electrophotographic apparatus, the process cartridge including an electrophotographic photosensitive member and a charging member, wherein an outer surface of the charging member is composed of at least a matrix and at least a part of domains, a volume resistivity of the matrix is 1.0×105 times or more of a volume resistivity of the domain, an average value Sd of circle equivalent diameters of the domains observed on the outer surface of the charging member is in a predetermined range, the electrophotographic photosensitive member contains a support, a photosensitive layer, and a protective layer in this order and when a surface roughness of the protective layer is measured, each of a protruding valley portion Rvk, a load length ratio Mr2, and Sd/Rvk is in a predetermined range.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides an electrophotographic photosensitive member that suppresses electric potential fluctuations in repeated use. The electrophotographic photosensitive member includes a support, a photosensitive layer and a protective layer, in this order, wherein the photosensitive layer includes a compound having a structure represented by formula (1), and the protective layer includes a resin having a structure represented by formula (2) and a structure represented by formula (3).

Abstract: An assembly of nanoparticles includes metal oxide, the nanoparticles including zinc (Zn) and silicon (Si). In addition, the nanoparticles have an atomic ratio of Zn/(Zn+Si) in a range of 0.3 to 0.95. Further, the nanoparticles have an equivalent circular particle diameter in a range of 1 nm to 20 nm.

Abstract: A thin film of metal oxide includes zinc (Zn); tin (Sn); silicon (Si); and oxygen (O). In terms of oxide, based on 100 mol % of total of oxides of the thin film, SnO2 is greater than 15 mol % but less than or equal to 95 mol %.

Abstract: A method for producing an electrophotographic photosensitive member including: forming a photosensitive layer; and forming a protective layer, wherein the step of forming the photosensitive layer forms a photosensitive layer having an amount of residual solvent of a first solvent in the photosensitive layer of 0.05% to 2.50% and an amount of residual solvent of a second solvent in the photosensitive layer of 0.50% to 2.50%, and the step of forming the protective layer includes step (A) of forming a cured film and step (B) of forming the protective layer having wrinkle shapes, wherein, in step (A), the irradiated coating film is heated at a heating temperature lower than a boiling point of the first solvent and in step (B), the cured film is heated at a heating temperature higher than a boiling point of the first solvent.

Abstract: There is provided an electrophotographic photosensitive member having drum shape, the electrophotographic photosensitive member including a support and a photosensitive layer, wherein an outer surface of the electrophotographic photosensitive member has wrinkles, and when an observation region having square form with one side of 100 ?m is placed at an arbitrary position on the outer surface, a line that passes through a central point of the observation region and is parallel to a circumferential direction of the electrophotographic photosensitive member is defined as a first reference line L1, and 3,599 reference lines obtained by rotating the first reference line L1 at every 0.1° around the central point are defined as L2 to L3,600, respectively, each of L1 to L3,600 intersects with convex portions of the wrinkles at a plurality of locations and has at least two different intersection angles selected from the plurality of locations.

Abstract: Provided is an electrophotographic photosensitive drum that achieves both of a reduction in torque of the electrophotographic photosensitive drum at the time of its cleaning and an improvement in image transferability. The electrophotographic photosensitive drum includes: a support; and a photosensitive layer arranged on the support, the electrophotographic photosensitive drum having arranged on an outer surface thereof at least two structure groups having different appearance periods, wherein when, out of the two structure groups, a group including structures having a smaller appearance period is defined as a first structure group, and a group including structures having a larger appearance period is defined as a second structure group, a height of the first structure group is lower than a height of the second structure group.