Abstract: Methods and apparatuses for adjusting three-dimensional (3D) dental model data of a patient's dentition to detect and remove one or more attachments on a dental structure (e.g., tooth) of the patient's dentition. These methods and apparatuses may be used for generating treatment plans for treating the patient's teeth, including for more accurately and efficiently aligning the patient's teeth.

Abstract: An apparatus is disclosed that implements phase-locked loop (PLL) calibration. In an example aspect, the apparatus includes a PLL and a signal extraction path. The PLL includes an error determiner with an error output node and a loop filter with a filter input node and a filter output node. The filter input node is coupled to the error output node. The PLL also includes a voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) with a VCO input node. The VCO input node is coupled to the filter output node. The PLL further includes a PLL tap node coupled between the filter output node and the VCO input node. The signal extraction path includes at least one switch, with the signal extraction path coupled to the PLL tap node.

Abstract: A cathode arc evaporator of metals and alloys for coating in a vacuum chamber, including an ignition device adapted for initiating an arc discharge, at least one anode, a water-cooled, consumable tubular cathode arranged along a longitudinal axis and rotatable thereabout, an electromagnetic system disposed within the cathode and adapted for forming an arch-like magnetic field, formed by at least one electromagnetic coil, in the vicinity of a surface of the cathode, resulting in a displaceable cathode spot, which is steerable by the magnetic field, at least one sensor responsive to the proximity of the cathode spot, and a controller which is configured to switch the polarity of the current of the at least one electromagnetic coil in response to the signals received from the at least one sensor.

Abstract: An apparatus is disclosed that implements phase-locked loop (PLL) calibration. In an example aspect, the apparatus includes a PLL and a signal extraction path. The PLL includes an error determiner with an error output node and a loop filter with a filter input node and a filter output node. The filter input node is coupled to the error output node. The PLL also includes a voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) with a VCO input node. The VCO input node is coupled to the filter output node. The PLL further includes a PLL tap node coupled between the filter output node and the VCO input node. The signal extraction path includes at least one switch, with the signal extraction path coupled to the PLL tap node.

Abstract: Certain aspects of the present disclosure generally relate to apparatus and techniques for wireless communication. One example apparatus generally includes an antenna terminal, an amplifier, a matching network coupled between the antenna terminal and an output of the amplifier, a first voltage envelope detector coupled to a node between the antenna and the matching network, and a current detection circuit coupled to the amplifier.

Abstract: A power detector measures RF power delivered into a first load of uncertain impedance. A reference power meter measures power of a reference signal to a second load of known impedance. The reference power meter measures voltage across the second load; measures a current through the second load; and multiplies the measured voltage by the measured current to generate a reference power signal proportional to power delivered to the second load. A measurement power meter measures power of a signal to the first load. The measurement power meter measures voltage across the first load; measures current through the first load; and multiplies the measured voltage by the measured current to generate a measured power signal proportional to power delivered to the first load. The power detector includes a processor to calculate power delivered to the second load, and to generate a power delivered to the first load.

Abstract: A power detector measures RF power delivered into a first load of uncertain impedance. A reference power meter measures power of a reference signal to a second load of known impedance. The reference power meter measures voltage across the second load; measures a current through the second load; and multiplies the measured voltage by the measured current to generate a reference power signal proportional to power delivered to the second load. A measurement power meter measures power of a signal to the first load. The measurement power meter measures voltage across the first load; measures current through the first load; and multiplies the measured voltage by the measured current to generate a measured power signal proportional to power delivered to the first load. The power detector includes a processor to calculate power delivered to the second load, and to generate a power delivered to the first load.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for generation of a noise signal are provided. The apparatus includes a noise synthesizing module and a noise signal transfer module. The noise synthesizing module includes a voltage controlled oscillator, a phase frequency detector, a phase locked loop filter, and a reference generator which form a phase locked loop. An output signal of the reference generator is provided to a first phase-frequency input of the phase-frequency detector, and an output signal of the voltage controlled oscillator is provided to a second input of the phase-frequency detector. An output signal of the phase-frequency detector is provided to an input of the phase locked loop filter, and an output of the phase locked loop filter is provided to a frequency control input of the voltage controlled oscillator.

Abstract: A device and method for generating an adjustable chaotic signal are provided. The chaotic signal generation device includes a plurality of triangle pulse train generators which generate a plurality of triangle waves having different frequency cycles, an adder which adds the triangle waves output from the triangle pulse train generators and outputs a noise signal, and a frequency modulator which converts the noise signal to a certain frequency band to output a chaotic signal. Accordingly, the power consumption and cost are reduced and the manufacture of the chaotic signal generation device is simplified due to the components integrated on an IC. Also, a plurality of users can use wireless communications in a particular wireless communications area.

Abstract: A device and method for generating an adjustable chaotic signal are provided. The chaotic signal generation device includes a plurality of triangle pulse train generators which generate a plurality of triangle waves having different frequency cycles, an adder which adds the triangle waves output from the triangle pulse train generators and outputs a noise signal, and a frequency modulator which converts the noise signal to a certain frequency band to output a chaotic signal. Accordingly, the power consumption and cost are reduced and the manufacture of the chaotic signal generation device is simplified due to the components integrated on an IC. Also, a plurality of users can use wireless communications in a particular wireless communications area.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for generation of a noise signal are provided. The apparatus includes a noise synthesizing module and a noise signal transfer module. The noise synthesizing module includes a voltage controlled oscillator, a phase frequency detector, a phase locked loop filter, and a reference generator which form a phase locked loop. An output signal of the reference generator is provided to a first phase-frequency input of the phase-frequency detector, and an output signal of the voltage controlled oscillator is provided to a second input of the phase-frequency detector. An output signal of the phase-frequency detector is provided to an input of the phase locked loop filter, and an output of the phase locked loop filter is provided to a frequency control input of the voltage controlled oscillator.

Abstract: An electrodeless lamp includes a bulbous lamp envelope enclosing an inert gas and a vaporizable metal fill, the lamp envelope having a reentrant cavity and an envelope bottom, an electromagnetic coupler positioned within the reentrant cavity, and a thermal shield positioned in proximity to the envelope bottom and configured to increase the temperature of the envelope bottom. By increasing the temperature of the envelope bottom, a cold spot is prevented. As a result, light output at low temperatures is comparable to light output at room temperature.

Abstract: An electrodeless lamp includes a bulbous lamp envelope enclosing an inert gas and a vaporizable metal fill, the lamp envelope having a reentrant cavity and an envelope bottom, an electromagnetic coupler positioned within the reentrant cavity, and a thermal shield positioned in proximity to the envelope bottom and configured to increase the temperature of the envelope bottom. By increasing the temperature of the envelope bottom, a cold spot is prevented. As a result, light output at low temperatures is comparable to light output at room temperature.

Abstract: An electrodeless lamp includes a bulbous lamp envelope enclosing an inert gas and a vaporizable metal fill, the lamp envelope having a reentrant cavity, a magnetic core positioned within the reentrant cavity, an induction coil disposed on the magnetic core, a cooling structure disposed inside the magnetic core, and a spacer structure between the magnetic core and an inside wall of the reentrant cavity. The spacer structure defines a thermally insulating gap between the magnetic core and the inside wall of the reentrant cavity to control coil/core temperature.

Abstract: An electrodeless lamp includes an envelope (1) containing a fill of discharge gas, a magnetic core t(7), an induction coil (6) wound around the magnetic core (7), a driver circuit for supplying an electric current to the induction coil (6) to operate the electrodeless lamp, a socket (10) for receiving electrical power supplied to the electrodeless lamp, and a heat conduction means (8,9) thermally coupled to the magnetic core (7) for conducting heat generated in the magnetic core (7) to the ambient atmosphere to dissipate heat therein, or coupled to the socket (10) for conducting heat generated in the magnetic core (7) to the socket to dissipate heat therethrough.

Abstract: An electrodeless low pressure discharge lamp comprises an envelope made from a straight tube and a reentry cavity sealed to one of tube's ends. The cavity has several hollow ferrite cores separated from each other with a few mm distance. Each ferrite core has an induction coil of few turns wound around the core. Each cavity has a cooling copper tube or rod located inside the ferrite core that removes heat from the cores and dumps the heat into a heat sink welded to the cooling tube/rod thereby keep the temperature of the ferrite cores below their Curie point. Each induction coil is electrically connected to the matching network while all matching networks are connected in parallel to the high frequency power source (driver). Inductively coupled plasmas generated in the envelope by several core/coil assemblies produce axially uniform UV and visible radiation.

Abstract: The present invention comprises a compact electrodeless fluorescent lamp that includes a transparent envelope containing a fill of inert gas along with a vaporizable metal such as mercury. An induction coil is operated by a driver circuit, and is positioned inside of a reentrant cavity in the envelope with an adjacent permeable magnetic field manipulation structure having a shunting surface ending at a shunting surface periphery. A thermally and electrically conductive primary cooling structure is positioned adjacent the magnetic field manipulation structure to extend within the shunting surface periphery while being separated from the induction coil thereby. A further component cooling structure is provided to at least partially enclose the driver circuit connected to the induction coil.

Abstract: An electrodeless low pressure discharge lamp comprises an envelope made from a straight tube and a reentry cavity sealed to one of tube's ends. The cavity has several hollow ferrite cores separated from each other with a few mm distance. Each ferrite core has an induction coil of few turns wound around the core. Each cavity has a cooling copper tube or rod located inside the ferrite core that removes heat from the cores and dumps the heat into a heat sink welded to the cooling tube/rod thereby keep the temperature of the ferrite cores below their Curie point. Each induction coil is electrically connected to the matching network while all matching networks are connected in parallel to the high frequency power source (driver). Inductively coupled plasmas generated in the envelope by several core/coil assemblies produce axially uniform UV and visible radiation.

Abstract: An electrodeless fluorescent lamp employs a glass envelope made from a single linear tube or bulb and a reentry cavity disposed on the envelope axis and sealed to the envelope. The envelope is filled with inert gas and mercury vapor. Phosphor and protective coatings are disposed on the inner surfaces of the envelope and the cavity. An induction coil of A few turns made from silver coated copper wire is wrapped around the envelope in its axial direction. The inductively-coupled axially uniform plasma is generated inside the envelope. The discharge electric field and current form a closed-loop path inside the envelope along its walls. The introduction of the reentry cavity decreases the lamp wall loading without loosing lamp power efficiency and efficacy. The lamp is operated at frequencies from 50 kHz to 200 MHz and RF power from 5 W to 2000 W without the use of ferrite inside of the reentry cavity.

Abstract: An electrodeless fluorescent lamp comprises a closed-loop (“tokamak”) envelope, two ferrite cores, and an induction coil that is disposed on the envelope walls inside the closed-loop formed by the envelope. The envelope comprises two straight tubes of the same diameter. All coils' turns have essential the same length and are parallel to each other and to the closed-loop axis. Each ferrite core encircles a segment of each the coil's turn and one connecting tube. The lamp can be operated at driving frequencies of 100-600 kHz and lamp powers of 50-250 W. The ferrite core power losses were 6-8 W when the lamp was operated at a frequency of 200-300 kHz and lamp power of 140-150 W. The lamp light output was 12,500 lumen and luminous efficacy was 87 LPW.