Abstract: The present invention is a method and apparatus relating to manufacturing nanostructure patterns and components using molecular science. The method includes overlaying a multilayer organic molecule resist on at least a portion of a parent structure selectively deposited on a substrate, depositing a layer over the parent structure and in contact with at least a portion of the multilayer organic resist, and removing the multilayer organic molecule resist to leave a residual structure.

Abstract: The present invention discloses devices and methods relating to patterning substrates using chemical functionalization. The methods include covering the surface of a substrate with a first plurality of molecules, selecting at least one internal bond from the plurality of molecules, and reacting the at least one internal bond to form at least one second functional group. Either or both of the functional groups can then be further reacted.

Abstract: A tunable high frequency AC scanning tunneling microscope (ACSTM) has been utilized to image and to record spectra for semiconductor characterization. A difference frequency mixing technique sensitive to dopant type and concentration is applied both to uniformly doped and to patterned semiconductor substrates. Uniformly doped silicon substrates were used to characterize the difference frequency spectral signature for both p- and n-type Si. Comparison of the measured difference frequency to such signature can be used for distinguishing between the two types of dopants in samples with unknown dopant type. Patterned substrates were then fabricated, and a spectroscopic imaging mode was used to map out dopant density at ultrahigh resolution, and to distinguish between areas of different concentration and different dopant type.

Abstract: The present invention discloses devices and methods relating to patterning substrates using chemical functionalization. The methods include covering the surface of a substrate with a first plurality of molecules, selecting at least one internal bond from the plurality of molecules, and reacting the at least one internal bond to form at least one second functional group. Either or both of the functional groups can then be further reacted.

Abstract: A molecular computer is formed by establishing arrays of spaced-apart input and output pins on opposing sides of a containment, injecting moleware in solution into the containment and then allowing the moleware to bridge the input and output pins. Moleware includes molecular alligator clip-bearing 2-, 3-, and molecular 4-, or multi-terminal wires, carbon nanotube wires, molecular resonant tunneling diodes, molecular switches, molecular controllers that can be modulated via external electrical or magnetic fields, massive interconnect stations based on single nanometer-sized particles, and dynamic and static random access memory (DRAM and SRAM) components composed of molecular controller/nanoparticle or fullerene hybrids. The current-voltage characteristics that result from the bridging between input and output arrays can be ascertained using another computer to identify the bundles of inputs and corresponding outputs that provide a truth table for the specific functions of the computer.

Abstract: A tunable high frequency AC scanning tunneling microscope (ACSTM) has been utilized to image and to record spectra for semiconductor characterization. A difference frequency mixing technique sensitive to dopant type and concentration is applied both to uniformly doped and to patterned semiconductor substrates. Uniformly doped silicon substrates were used to characterize the difference frequency spectral signature for both p- and n-type Si. Comparison of the measured difference frequency to such signature can be used for distinguishing between the two types of dopants in samples with unknown dopant type. Patterned substrates were then fabricated, and a spectroscopic imaging mode was used to map out dopant density at ultrahigh resolution, and to distinguish between areas of different concentration and different dopant type.

Abstract: A transducer for detecting biomolecules comprises a bottom and a top unit. The bottom unit has a set of parallel electrically conductive transmission lines thereon and probes attached to selected locations along each transmission line for binding with the target molecule. The top unit has thereon a second set of parallel transmission lines transverse to those on the bottom unit. By applying AC signals sequentially to the two sets of transmission lines, each of the probe locations at the intersection of the two transmission lines can be addressed and the response of the probe in an unfilled detector location or a complex formed by the probe and the target in a filled detector location can be measured. If the target has been labelled, than the label at each of the locations may also be detected. The device can also be used for measuring binding constants between the probe and the target and concentrations of target solutions.

Abstract: In spectroscopic mode, the energy levels of an atom, molecule or surface feature are determined by scanning laser frequencies and/or microwave frequencies. Enhanced radiation in the microwave or optical frequency range is detected and the detected spectra characterize the energy levels. In the analytical mode, the laser and/or microwave frequencies are optimized to detect the presence of an atom, molecule or surface feature.

Abstract: A system for transporting in a vacuum chamber sample holders and samples between a holder tray and a location for use with a surface analytical instrument is disclosed. Also provided is a system including a microwave coaxial cable connecting the tip terminal of a scanning tunneling microscope to a microwave signal source and a system for clamping a heater to a sample holder in order to heat the sample.

Abstract: Multiple frequency sources are used to apply a time varying signal to a scanning tunneling microscope and a current or voltage passing between the electrodes of the microscope is measured by a microwave spectrum/network analyzer which detects simultaneously at the multiple input frequencies and combinations thereof. This permits multiple substances to be monitored simultaneously. By choosing appropriate frequencies of input signals to be mixed or combined before application to the sample, it is possible to measure at a difference frequency which may improve signal to noise ratio and possible to match generating and reaction potentials and relaxation times to render detection possible. When applied to an array of Coulomb blockade devices used as a current standard, accuracy of the standard can be tested and the signal-to-noise ratio can be improved in the measurements, or the thresholds of the devices can be detected.

Abstract: A sample and the tip portion of an alternating current scanning tunneling microscope are electrically enclosed within a cavity with electrically conductive walls. The dimensions of the cavity are smaller than the wavelength of a component of the AC signal applied by the probe to the sample so that the output signal detected by the probe from the sample will not be contaminated by resonant effects of the cavity.

Abstract: A system for transporting in a vacuum chamber sample holders and samples between a holder tray and a location for use with a surface analytical instrument is disclosed. Also provided is a system including a microwave coaxial cable connecting the tip terminal of a scanning tunneling microscope to a microwave signal source and a system for clamping a heater to a sample holder in order to heat the sample.

Abstract: By applying a voltage or signal and withdrawing or injecting an electron or electrons to a layer of material, it is possible to write, erase or read data electrochemically. The layer of material has at least one portion that will reversibly change between charge states in response to the applied voltage or signal and the withdrawal or injection of an electron or electrons. Alternatively, the material of the layer may be such that the portion of the layer of material will dissociate into components in response to the applied voltage or signal and injection or withdrawal of an electron or electrons. The stored data may be read using a scanning tunneling microscope by applying a voltage or signal thereto and detecting the current through, voltage across or signal reflected from the layer to detect the different charge states or structures of different portions of the layer. The signal or voltage applied can be a DC or AC signal, a signal pulse or transient or various combinations thereof.

Abstract: A microwave sweep oscillator is used to apply an AC signal from the probe tip of a scanning tunneling microscope to a sample, and the reflected signal from the sample is measured by a microwave spectrum/network analyzer, or another device capable of measuring amplitude versus frequency. The frequency of the signal applied by the oscillator may be swept across a spectrum and the optimum frequency of the spectrum is determined so that an improved image of the surface of a sample may be obtained. The spectrum of a known substance may also be recorded and used as a signature for identifying components of an unknown substance by comparison. When the amplitude of the AC signal applied is increased, a sudden change in the reThis invention was made with support from the National Science Foundation, United States Government, under Grant No. CHE-9158375. The government has rights in this invention.

Abstract: A microwave sweep oscillator is used to apply an AC signal cross a scanning tunneling microscope and the current or voltage passing between the electrodes is measured by a microwave spectrum/network analyzeThis invention was made with support from the National Science Foundation, United States Government, under Grant No. CHE-9158375. The government has rights in this invention.