Abstract: The circuit element has a first layer composed of an electrically insulating substrate material and a first electrically conductive material which is in the form of at least one discrete area such that it is embedded in the substrate material and/or is applied to the substrate material. Furthermore, it has a second layer having a second electrically conductive material, and a monomolecular layer composed of redox-active bispyridinium molecules, which is arranged between the first layer and the second layer. The bispyridinium molecules are immobilized on the electrically conductive material which is in the form of at least one discrete area, and make electrical contact with the second electrical material of the second layer. Furthermore, electrically inert molecules are immobilized on the first layer, which molecules form a matrix which surrounds the at least one discrete area with the monomolecular layer composed of bispyridinium molecules.

Abstract: The invention relates to a layer arrangement, a memory cell, a memory cell arrangement and a method for producing a layer arrangement. The layer arrangement has a monocrystalline substrate, a highly doped region in the substrate and a metallically conductive structure in the highly doped region, a partial region of the highly doped region that is arranged in a surface region of the substrate being monocrystalline.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method of detecting macromolecular biopolymers by means of an electrode arrangement that comprises a first and a second electrode. The inventive method is characterized by carrying out a first electrical measurement on the electrodes. In a further step, a solution to be examined, which may contain the macromolecular biopolymers to be detected, is contacted with the electrode arrangement. In another step, the macromolecular biopolymers to be detected that are contained it the solution to be examined are bound to the scavenger molecules on the first and on the second electrode and the electrode arrangement is contacted with a reagent to increase conductivity of the macromolecular biopolymers, said reagent binding to the macromolecular biopolymers and bestowing them with electroconductivity.

Abstract: A device and method for detecting macromolecular biopolymers by using at least one unit for immobilizing biopolymers. In the device, the unit for immobilizing macromolecular biopolymers is provided with scavenger molecules that may bind macromolecular biopolymers and that have a label capable of generating a detectable signal. A detection unit in the device uses the label to detect macromolecular biopolymers bound to the scavenger molecules.

Abstract: The invention relates to a layer arrangement, a memory cell, a memory cell arrangement and a method for producing a layer arrangement. The layer arrangement has a monocrystalline substrate, a highly doped region in the substrate and a metallically conductive structure in the highly doped region, a partial region of the highly doped region that is arranged in a surface region of the substrate being monocrystalline.