Abstract: Described herein are methods of applying metals to substrates, where the methods include contacting the substrate with an aqueous metal plating composition comprising polyammonium bisulfate (“PABS”) and a dissolved metal or salt thereof. The methods allow application of metals to the substrate without need for electrical energy input or for an added chemical catalyst, chelating agent, complexing agent, reducing agent, stabilizer, or pH-modifying (or controlling) chemical compound.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides an improved scale inhibiting formulation that is effective, environmentally friendly, and does not add any organic compounds or traditional polymeric compounds to treated water. The scale inhibiting composition includes molecular clusters of polyammonium bisulfate (PABS), which can interact physically, chemically, or physio-chemically with one or more ions in the water or water-containing system being treated. That interaction inhibits scale accretion and/or removes previously formed scale.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are clusters compounds that include at least one substituted amine sulfate and at least one substituted amine bisulfate molecule. The substituted amine sulfate molecule and the substituted amine bisulfate molecule may each include an ammonium moiety with at least one alkyl substituent. Optionally, the alkyl substituent can include 1 to 20 carbon atoms, 1 to 10 carbon atoms, or 1 to 6 carbon atoms. For example, the alkyl substituent can be a methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, or pentyl group. In some examples, the substituted amine sulfate molecule and the substituted amine bisulfate molecule each include an ammonium moiety with at least two alkyl substituents. Optionally, the two alkyl substituents are the same. Alternatively, however, the two alkyl substituents can be different.

Abstract: A base product fluid is produced by adding anhydrous liquid ammonia and a first portion of sulfuric acid to water in a process line to form a mixed fluid. The mixed fluid may be cooled and a second portion of sulfuric acid may be added to the mixed fluid to form the base product fluid. The base product fluid may include a molecular compound that is a chelating compound. The molecular compound may have the formula: ((NH4)2SO4)a.(H2SO4)b.(H2O)c.(NH4HSO4)x. In the formula, a may be between 1 and 5, b may be between 1 and 5, c may be between 0 and 5, and x may be between 1 and 20.

Abstract: An agriculture treatment solution may include one or more metal salts and a base product fluid. The base product fluid may include a molecular compound that is a chelating compound. The molecular compound may have the formula: ((NH4)2SO4)a.(H2SO4)b.(H2O)c.(NH4HSO4)x. In the formula, a may be between 1 and 5, b may be between 1 and 5, c may be between 1 and 5, and x may be between 1 and 10. The agriculture treatment solution may be formed by adding the one or more metal salts to the base product fluid and water. The agriculture treatment solution may be added to an agricultural crop to deliver at least one of the metal salts to the agricultural crop. The at least one metal salt may be a micronutrient for the agricultural crop.

Abstract: A base product fluid is produced by adding anhydrous liquid ammonia and a first portion of sulfuric acid to water in a process line to form a mixed fluid. The mixed fluid may be cooled and a second portion of sulfuric acid may be added to the mixed fluid to form the base product fluid. The base product fluid may include a molecular compound that is a chelating compound. The molecular compound may have the formula: ((NH4)2SO4)a.(H2SO4)b.(H2O)c.(NH4HSO4)x. In the formula, a may be between 1 and 5, b may be between 1 and 5, c may be between 0 and 5, and x may be between 1 and 20.

Abstract: A base product fluid is produced by adding anhydrous liquid ammonia and a first portion of sulfuric acid to water in a process line to form a mixed fluid. The mixed fluid may be cooled and a second portion of sulfuric acid may be added to the mixed fluid to form the base product fluid. The base product fluid may include a molecular compound that is a chelating compound. The molecular compound may have the formula: ((NH4)2SO4)a.(H2SO4)b.(H2O)c.(NH4HSO4)x. In the formula, a may be between 1 and 5, b may be between 1 and 5, c may be between 0 and 5, and x may be between 1 and 20.

Abstract: A base product fluid is produced by adding anhydrous liquid ammonia and a first portion of sulfuric acid to water in a process line to form a mixed fluid. The mixed fluid may be cooled and a second portion of sulfuric acid may be added to the mixed fluid to form the base product fluid. The base product fluid may include a molecular compound that is a chelating compound. The molecular compound may have the formula: ((NH4)2SO4)a.(H2SO4)b.(H2O)c.(NH4HSO4)x. In the formula, a may be between 1 and 5, b may be between 1 and 5, c may be between 1 and 5, and x may be between 1 and 10.

Abstract: A base product fluid is produced by adding anhydrous liquid ammonia and a first portion of sulfuric acid to water in a process line to form a mixed fluid. The mixed fluid may be cooled and a second portion of sulfuric acid may be added to the mixed fluid to form the base product fluid. The base product fluid may include a molecular compound that is a chelating compound. The molecular compound may have the formula: ((NH4)2SO4)a.(H2SO4)b.(H2O)c.(NH4HSO4)x. In the formula, a may be between 1 and 5, b may be between 1 and 5, c may be between 0 and 5, and x may be between 1 and 20.

Abstract: A water treatment solution may include a metal salt and a base product fluid. The base product fluid may include a molecular compound that is a chelating compound. The molecular compound may have the formula: ((NH4)2SO4)a.(H2SO4)b.(H2O)c.(NH4HSO4)x. In the formula, a may be between 1 and 5, b may be between 1 and 5, c may be between 1 and 5, and x may be between 1 and 10. The water treatment solution may be formed by adding the metal salt to the base product fluid and water. The water treatment solution may be added to water in need of treatment. The water in need of treatment may be a static body of water.

Abstract: A base product fluid is produced by adding anhydrous liquid ammonia and a first portion of sulfuric acid to water in a process line to form a mixed fluid. The mixed fluid may be cooled and a second portion of sulfuric acid may be added to the mixed fluid to form the base product fluid. The base product fluid may include a molecular compound that is a chelating compound. The molecular compound may have the formula: ((NH4)2SO4)a.(H2SO4)b.(H2O)c.(NH4HSO4)x. In the formula, a may be between 1 and 5, b may be between 1 and 5, c may be between 0 and 5, and x may be between 1 and 20.

Abstract: A base product fluid is produced by adding anhydrous liquid ammonia and a first portion of sulfuric acid to water flowing in a process line to form a mixed fluid. The mixed fluid may be cooled by flowing the mixed fluid through a heat exchanger. A second portion of sulfuric acid may be added to the mixed fluid to form the base product fluid. The second portion of sulfuric acid may be greater, by weight, than the first portion of sulfuric acid. The base product fluid may include a molecular compound that is a chelating compound. The molecular compound may have the formula: ((NH4)2SO4)a.(H2SO4)b.(H2O)c.(NH4HSO4)x.

Abstract: A base product fluid is produced by adding anhydrous liquid ammonia and a first portion of sulfuric acid to water in a process line to form a mixed fluid. The mixed fluid may be cooled and a second portion of sulfuric acid may be added to the mixed fluid to form the base product fluid. The base product fluid may include a molecular compound that is a chelating compound. The molecular compound may have the formula: ((NH4)2SO4)a.(H2SO4)b.(H2O)c.(NH4HSO4)x. In the formula, a may be between 1 and 5, b may be between 1 and 5, c may be between 1 and 5, and x may be between 1 and 10.

Abstract: A base product fluid is produced by adding anhydrous liquid ammonia and a first portion of sulfuric acid to water in a process line to form a mixed fluid. The mixed fluid may be cooled and a second portion of sulfuric acid may be added to the mixed fluid to form the base product fluid. The base product fluid may include a molecular compound that is a chelating compound. The molecular compound may have the formula: ((NH4)2SO4)a.(H2SO4)b.(H2O)c.(NH4HSO4)x. In the formula, a may be between 1 and 5, b may be between 1 and 5, c may be between 1 and 5, and x may be between 1 and 10.

Abstract: A base product fluid is produced by adding anhydrous liquid ammonia and a first portion of sulfuric acid to water in a process line to form a mixed fluid. The mixed fluid may be cooled and a second portion of sulfuric acid may be added to the mixed fluid to form the base product fluid. The base product fluid may include a molecular compound that is a chelating compound. The molecular compound may have the formula: ((NH4)2SO4)a.(H2SO4)b.(H2O)c.(NH4HSO4)x. In the formula, a may be between 1 and 5, b may be between 1 and 5, c may be between 0 and 5, and x may be between 1 and 20.

Abstract: A base product fluid is produced by adding anhydrous liquid ammonia and a first portion of sulfuric acid to water in a process line to form a mixed fluid. The mixed fluid may be cooled and a second portion of sulfuric acid may be added to the mixed fluid to form the base product fluid. The base product fluid may include a molecular compound that is a chelating compound. The molecular compound may have the formula: ((NH4)2SO4)a.(H2SO4)b.(H2O)c.(NH4HSO4)x. In the formula, a may be between 1 and 5, b may be between 1 and 5, c may be between 1 and 5, and x may be between 1 and 10.

Abstract: A water treatment solution may include a metal salt and a base product fluid. The base product fluid may include a molecular compound that is a chelating compound. The molecular compound may have the formula: ((NH4)2SO4)a.(H2SO4)b.(H2O)c.(NH4HSO4)x. In the formula, a may be between 1 and 5, b may be between 1 and 5, c may be between 1 and 5, and x may be between 1 and 10. The water treatment solution may be formed by adding the metal salt to the base product fluid and water. The water treatment solution may be added to water in need of treatment. The water in need of treatment may be a static body of water.

Abstract: A base product fluid is produced by adding anhydrous liquid ammonia and a first portion of sulfuric acid to water flowing in a process line to form a mixed fluid. The mixed fluid may be cooled by flowing the mixed fluid through a heat exchanger. A second portion of sulfuric acid may be added to the mixed fluid to form the base product fluid. The second portion of sulfuric acid may be greater, by weight, than the first portion of sulfuric acid. The base product fluid may include a molecular compound that is a chelating compound. The molecular compound may have the formula: ((NH4)2SO4)a.(H2SO4)b.(H2O)c.(NH4HSO4)x.

Abstract: An agriculture treatment solution may include one or more metal salts and a base product fluid. The base product fluid may include a molecular compound that is a chelating compound. The molecular compound may have the formula: ((NH4)2SO4)a.(H2SO4)b.(H2O)c.(NH4HSO4)x. In the formula, a may be between 1 and 5, b may be between 1 and 5, c may be between 1 and 5, and x may be between 1 and 10. The agriculture treatment solution may be formed by adding the one or more metal salts to the base product fluid and water. The agriculture treatment solution may be added to an agricultural crop to deliver at least one of the metal salts to the agricultural crop. The at least one metal salt may be a micronutrient for the agricultural crop.

Abstract: A macroporous polymeric adsorbent is used to remove oil mist and oil vapors from compressed air produced by an oil-lubricated air compressor prior to feeding the compressed air to an air separation membrane system. The macroporous polymeric adsorbent, previously known only for its ability to extract low molecular weight volatile organic compounds from liquids and gases, retains its ability to extract the oil for extended periods of time and outperforms the commonly used activated carbon of the prior art.