Abstract: A photovoltaic device includes a first electrode, a second electrode, and a photoactive layer between the first electrode and the second electrode. The photoactive layer includes a first organic salt. The first organic salt includes a photoactive ion and a counterion. The photoactive ion has a first valence selected from the group consisting of: 1+, 2+, 3+, 4+, 5+, 6+, 7+, 8+, 1?, 2?, 3?, 4?, 5?, 6?, 7?, or 8?. The counterion has a second valence selected from the group consisting of: 1+, 2+, 3+, 4+, 5+, 6+, 7+, 8+, 2?, 3?, 4?, 5?, 6?, 7?, or 8?. A sum of a magnitude of the first valence and a magnitude of the second valence is greater than or equal to 3. A net charge of the first organic salt is zero.

Abstract: A transparent solar panel includes a transparent substrate and a transparent photoactive material. An average photosynthetic transmittance (APT) of the entire transparent solar panel is greater than or equal to about 45%. The transparent solar panel is configured to transmit light to a region containing a plant at a daily light integral (DLI) of greater than or equal to about 10 mol·m?2·d?1. The transparent solar panel may be a transparent photovoltaic (TPV) or a transparent luminescent solar concentrator (TLSC).

Abstract: A photovoltaic device includes a substrate, a first electrode on a surface of the substrate, a second electrode, and a first photoactive layer between the first electrode and the second electrode. The first photoactive layer includes graphene nanoribbons (GNRs).

Abstract: A solar panel includes a substrate and a photoactive material. The photoactive material includes an ion and a counterion. An absolute magnitude of a binding energy between the ion and the counterion is less than or equal to about 6.5. A majority of available hydrogen sites on the counterion may be halogenated. A water contact angle of the photoactive material may be greater than or equal to about 65°. The solar panel may be a photovoltaic or a luminescent solar concentrator.