Abstract: A frac head comprising a main body with plural side entries oriented around the main body such that flow from each of the side entries meets flow from an opposing side entry in the internal bore. A replaceable abrasion resistant wear sleeve is secured in the internal bore of the main body downstream of the side entries and positioned to intercept flow from the side entries and prevent the flow from impacting directly on material of the main body. The side entries terminate at the internal bore equidistantly from the lower end of the main body, and are symmetrically arranged around the main body. The side entries are oriented at about 45° to the downstream direction. The replaceable abrasion resistant wear sleeve is held against movement downstream by abutment of a shoulder on the replaceable abrasion resistant wear sleeve against a shoulder on the frac body, and has a tapered internal bore.

Abstract: A frac head comprising a main body with plural side entries oriented around the main body such that flow from each of the side entries meets flow from an opposing side entry in the internal bore. A replaceable abrasion resistant wear sleeve is secured in the internal bore of the main body downstream of the side entries and positioned to intercept flow from the side entries and prevent the flow from impacting directly on material of the main body. The side entries terminate at the internal bore equidistantly from the lower end of the main body, and are symmetrically arranged around the main body. The side entries are oriented at about 450 to the downstream direction. The replaceable abrasion resistant wear sleeve is held against movement downstream by abutment of a shoulder on the replaceable abrasion resistant wear sleeve against a shoulder on the frac body, and has a tapered internal bore.

Abstract: In the field of drilling lateral channels from the cased bore of an oil well, a system is presented whereby a number of lateral channels can be drilled through the casing and out a distance into the formation with no requirement to move or raise the lateral drilling apparatus to the surface for each lateral channel drilled. The direction of the drilled lateral channel can be selected by the system operator at the well head. The system will allow the drilling of lateral channels with the well under pressure. A configuration is shown which will allow the installation of a flexible perforated liner in the channel, which flexible perforated liner will prevent the material around the channel from collapsing.

Abstract: A process for the rendering of an effluent stream from a food processing plant, in which the effluent has or is made to have an acidic pH and carries proteinaceous material. The effluent is contacted with an inorganic coagulant (clay) that together with the acidic pH effectively neutralizes ionic charges on the proteinaceous material to cause the proteinaceous material to precipitate out of solution. The effluent stream is contacted with a biologically derived polymeric flocculant to facilitate settling of the precipitated proteinaceous material as flocs. The inorganic coagulant is present in an amount by weight of at least 1.5 times or 2.5 times the amount by weight of polymeric flocculant. Flocs are removed from the effluent stream to thereby render the effluent stream. A biologically derived co-flocculant is added to the effluent stream after contact with the effluent stream by coagulant and flocculant.

Abstract: A wellhead isolation tool nipple seal testing apparatus includes an upper seal, upper nipple, and a lower seal and a lower nipple, the lower nipple being attached to the upper nipple. Test pressure forced between the upper and lower seals may be used to test the upper nipple up to well servicing pressures. The lower nipple may seal the well bore by being closed, or by the use of a mandrel carrying a seal on its lower end or with a burst disk.

Abstract: Apparatus for isolating the wellhead equipment from the high pressure fluids pumped down to the producing formation during the well servicing procedures of fracturing and acidizing oil and gas wells utilizes a central mandrel for pumping the fracturing and acidizing fluids through the wellhead equipment and into well tubing or casing. The mandrel is run into the wellhead equipment while enclosed in a pressure containment protection which includes the operating cylinder. The mandrel is locked in position in the wellhead equipment and later extracted from the wellhead equipment while fully enclosed in the pressure containment. The pressure containment mandrel protection and operating cylinder are removed during the well servicing process to give a low profile to the overall wellhead array.

Abstract: A packoff nipple for use on the mandrel of a wellhead isolation tool features a two step extrusion sealing arrangement activated by a primary element forcing the expansion of a packing ring to fill voids in the tubing or casing brought about by pipe erosion, corrosion, out of round or off center mandrel conditions. Extremely high pressures are sealed off from the wellhead. The packoff nipple sealing elements are protected from damage when running the nipple through restricted areas in the wellhead and the tubing or casing.

Abstract: A novel adapter and pin assembly allows the close attachment of a high pressure pumping array of valves to the low pressure tubing or casing head on the well. This allows high pressure fluids or gases to be pumped through the low pressure tubing or casing head, into the tubing and down the well while isolating the low pressure tubing or casing head from these fluids or gases. The high pressure seals are tested prior to the start of the high pressure pumping, and the low pressure fittings are protected and monitored by suitable vents.

Abstract: In the area of oilfield wellhead equipment, and specifically the wellhead valve known as the master valve on the wellhead array, there is often the necessity to remove this valve for repairs or for its replacement by some other piece of equipment such as a blow out preventer, this service being done while the well is under pressure from the fluids or gases normally being produced or for any other reason.A novel packer is described which can be put into place in a section of the well tubing or casing close to the master valve using a novel tool which is also described. This packer will isolate the master valve from the well fluids and pressure, allow it to be taken off and replaced, or other equipment to be installed in its place, and also allow the master valve, its connections, or other equipment thus put on the well, to be pressure tested prior to removing the packer from the well tubing or casing and restoring the gas or fluid pressure to the wellhead array.

Abstract: In the area of oilfield wellhead equipment and well servicing, specifically the operations associated with the prevention of fluids and gases from escaping from the well when valves and associated equipment which normally control the flow of these fluids and gases have been removed for repair or for any other reason, the installation of and removal of a plug in the top of the tubing hanger is a common and necessary operation. This plug is commonly called a back-pressure plug and is a standard throughout the industry. A tool is proposed for installing and removing this plug while the well is under pressure, which tool will indicate that the plug is properly in place and will also overcome the operational problems associated with existing tools and the overall height associated with existing tools.

Abstract: Apparatus for isolating the wellhead equipment from the high pressure fluids pumped down to the producing formation during the procedures of fracturing and acidizing oil and gas wells utilizes a central mandrel concentric inside an outer mandrel and an expandable sealing nipple to seal the outer mandrel against the casing. The sealing nipple is provided with passageways to allow fluids to be pumped down the tubing and/or the annulus between the tubing and the casing in an oil or gas well.

Abstract: An expanding nipple, externally mounted packer has a body which mounts onto a stack of blowout preventers or a casing head and tubing spool or the like. The body contains an external locking mechanism and the upper ends of a pair of concentric mandrels which are lowered into the well casing, through the blowout preventer stack or other configuration of well head equipment. The outer mandrel has a deformable seal on its lower end and the inner mandrel has an expander on its lower end. A piston on the inner mandrel responsive to hydraulic pressure, raises the inner mandrel with respect to the outer mandrel so that the expander forces the seal outwards against the casing wall. The locking mechanism allows the seal to be locked in place. The hydraulic pressure on the piston is reversed to unseal the nipple.

Abstract: A wellhead isolation tool is presented which includes an expanding nipple operable from outside the wellhead and casing, the nipple and its concentric mandrels being inserted into the wellhead and thus down through the wellhead array and into the casing or tubing by a single hydraulic cylinder and then the nipple expanded and sealed in the casing or tubing. The cylinder and its support rods may be removed when the nipple and mandrels are in place.

Abstract: An improved wellhead isolation tool is presented which includes an expanding nipple operable from outside the wellhead and casing, the nipple and its concentric mandrels being inserted into the wellhead and thus down through the wellhead array and into the casing or tubing by a concentric hydraulic cylinder. The nipple is then expanded and sealed in the casing or tubing by a second concentric hydraulic cylinder. It is then locked in place both mechanically and hydraulically.

Abstract: An expanding nipple, externally mounted packer has a body which mounts onto a casing head by way of a tubing spool or the like. The body contains the upper ends of a pair of concentric mandrels which are lowered into the well casing. The outer mandrel has a deformable seal on its lower end and the inner mandrel has an expander on its lower end. Means in the body, responsive to hydraulic pressure, raises the inner mandrel with respect to the outer mandrel so that the expander forces the seal outwards against the casing wall.

Abstract: A concentric mandrel assembly for use in a wellhead isolation tool is operable from outside the wellhead and casing. An outer mandrel of the assembly carries a packoff nipple, including a resilient seal member, on its lower end and the inner mandrel of the assembly carrier carries an expander on its lower end. Means are provided for axially moving the mandrels relative to one another so that the expander can apply outward force on the resilient seal against the wall of a well casing.

Abstract: An insertion drive system for a well head tree saver includes a pair of parallel, spaced beams, a lower one of which is attached to the tree. High pressure tubing is held by the upper beam and is inserted into or withdrawn from the tree by motor driven mechanical jack assemblies which lower or raise the upper beam relative to the lower beam. Manual operation of the jack assemblies is also provided.

Abstract: A nipple for use in a Christmas tree bypass tool has an outer, molded rubber sleeve thereon and an inner steel insert, a portion of which forms a seal against a skirt on the rubber sleeve. The seal between the insert and the skirt prevents high pressure in the tool from reaching and acting on the bond between the rubber sleeve and the nipple.