Abstract: In a four-stroke reciprocating-piston internal combustion engine, a method is carried out for operating the latter with a homogeneous lean basic mixture of air, fuel and retained exhaust gas and with compression ignition and direct fuel injection into a combustion space. In order to avoid ignition problems during compression ignition and in the case of a low load, in an activation phase, the retained exhaust gas is compressed in the region of the gas-exchange dead center and is subsequently expanded, and, in this phase of the work cycle, activation fuel is injected into the combustion space in order to stabilize main combustion.

Abstract: In a continuous process for the preparation of multiphase soaps, in which stable multiphase soaps are obtained by suitable cutting and stamping of soap masses in various sequences, the individual phases of the multiphase soap are readily visible when viewed from above and from the side.

Abstract: A method for differentiating or detecting particles in a sample in which several classes of particles may be present by identifying signal segments of time-resolved, optical raw signals from the sample on the basis of single photon detection (single pulse detection), wherein the sample contains at least two classes of particles; the sample is illuminated by a light source; the optical raw signals emitted by the sample, which are derived from at least one measuring volume element V, V≦10−12 l, are detected with at least one detector unit; at least one particle generates a signal fraction during its residence in the measuring in the measuring volume element; a signal segment of the optical raw signals is determined by the particle's actively and/or passively entering and then leaving again the measuring volume element; the optical raw signals are segmented into arbitrary segments; at least one set of statistical data based on the optical raw signals is established for at least one arbitrarily chos

Abstract: A method for operating a four-stroke internal combustion engine which allows the combustion-chamber pressure to be equalized in a cylinder-selective manner consistent with the cycle, in which the quantity of exhaust gas retained with valve closure overlap selected is controlled or preset as a function of the engine speed and load by an exhaust throttle valve affecting all the combustion chambers, and the pressure in the individual combustion chambers when the inlet members are opened is equalized by corresponding cylinder-selective activating injection in a manner consistent with the cycle.

Abstract: A method and device are disclosed for expanding the field of application of florescent correlation spectroscopy. The device has a confocal optical structure, a pulsed laser for excitation and components for detection and evaluation of measuring signals for time-correlated single photon counting. The data is registered in such a way that for each detected photon, detection time is recorded in microseconds while fluorescence delay time is recorded in nanoseconds. The information on each detected photon is used to assign parameters determined by time-correlated single photon counting to each detected photon and to create correlation functions from the determined parameters arising therefrom. Correlation functions of parameters or selective correlation functions, e.g. for fluorescence burning life, are thus obtained.

Abstract: The invention concerns a method for operation of a four-stroke reciprocating internal combustion engine with a homogenous lean base mixture of air, fuel and retained exhaust, as well as with compression ignition and direct fuel injection into a combustion chamber with gas displacement devices.In order to keep the design cost low for this concept, the reciprocating internal combustion engine is operated at partial load with compression ignition and preferably mechanically controlled exhaust retention, whereas operation in the full load and high partial load range occurs as a spark ignition engine.

Abstract: A method for the determination of material-specific parameters of one or a few molecules by means of correlation spectroscopy wherein the molecule or molecules in a sample in which the molecule(s) to be determined is (are) present in relatively high concentrations is (are) excited by electromagnetic radiation (excitation radiation) to emit electromagnetic radiation (emission radiation) wherein said excitation and/or emission radiation passes a means which is permeable to the corresponding wavelength of said electromagnetic radiation which means is disposed between an excitation or emission radiation source and an excitation or emission radiation detector, said means for transmitting electromagnetic waves having at least one region the largest dimension of which in at least one direction of space is smaller than the wavelength of said excitation and/or emission radiation of said molecule or molecules.

Abstract: A method of filtering blood in a blood vessel of a patient wherein a catheter is initially introduced into the blood vessel and then advanced to a desired location within the blood vessel. Subsequently, a portion of a positioning assembly having a filter distally attached thereto is guided through the catheter. The filter is then positioned at a location beyond the distal end of the catheter within the blood vessel with the positioning assembly. The positioning assembly is then locked to the catheter. The catheter is then anchored to an object located outside of the blood vessel. Thereafter, an amount of blood is filtered within the blood vessel with the filter. The filter can be readily repositioned by unlocking the positioning assembly from the catheter, repositioning the filter within the blood vessel with the positioning assembly and then relocking the positioning assembly to the catheter.

Abstract: An apparatus for ventilating the passenger space of a rapidly moving elevator car generates an air flow through the car during the travel of the car in an elevator shaft. A plurality of ventilation slots are provided one above the other and open to the passenger space of the elevator car and to a ventilation channel extending vertically in one wall of the elevator car. The total cross-sectional area of the ventilation slots is approximately twice as great as the cross-sectional area of the ventilation channel. The ventilation slots are formed by carrier slots in a sheet metal carrier on which a plurality of strips of a laminated material plate are attached on a passenger space side thereof and on which a perforated metal reinforcing plate is spot-welded on a rear side thereof. The reinforcing plate has rows of apertures formed in generally V-shaped grooves aligned with the ventilation slots. The grooves space the apertures from the carrier.

Abstract: An elevator car has a passenger space bounded by a pair of side walls and a ceiling with a fluorescent tube attached to the ceiling and a ceiling frame suspended from the ceiling and supporting translucent filler panels. An opaque middle ceiling strip is attached to the ceiling frame between two of the filler panels and below and in longitudinal alignment with the fluorescent tube. A pair of spot lamps are attached to an upper surface of the middle ceiling strip and are exposed through holes in the strip to illuminate predetermined areas of the side walls containing destination floor actuating elements and information panels for the floors. The middle ceiling strip has one side rotatably attached to the ceiling frame by a hinge connector for providing access to change the fluorescent tube and the spot lamps. The strip also is releasably retained by a locking bar on the other side thereof which engages the ceiling frame and can be released with the aid of a simple tool.

Abstract: A plurality of resilient wires interconnected at their respective ends form a collapsible filter basket adapted to be introduced into a blood vessel of a patient. The basket in its expanded and relaxed state forms an apertured, elongate solid of revolution with pointed ends and has a base as measured between the pointed ends at least equal to the maximum diameter thereof. The design of the filter basket of the present invention facilitates insertion and adjustment of position or orientation once inserted and allows large masses of emboli to build up without seriously restricting the free area available for blood flow through the filter.

Abstract: A feed device for strapping bands for use in strapping machines is disclosed. A pressure device and a feed roller push the strapping band into a band channel behind the feed roller. A disengaging lever is connected to the pressure device so that when a loop in the band is formed in the band channel, it moves the disengaging lever causing the pressure device to be withdrawn from the band and feed roller permitting the band to reverse direction causing the loop to disappear.

Abstract: A device, for feed and tensioning a strapping band about a package in a strapping machine, is disclosed. The machine includes a feed roller which is actuately deflected when the band is placed under tension by a tensioning device. The tensioning device includes a pair of counter rotating v-belts between which the band passes and a pressure device which causes the band to be gripped by the v-belts thus placing it in tension. As the tension on the band increases the pressure exerted by the pressure device is proportionately increased by an angular lever to which the feed roller is connected, which in turn acts on a slidable rod which, through a toggle lever, actuates the pressure device. The machine also includes a sealing and cutting device which is actuated subsequent to the tensioning of the band and which, through a rocker lever, causes the toggle lever to release the pressure on the pressure device prior to the cutting of the rear end of the band.

Abstract: The present shackle is especially constructed for securing a wing to the fuselage of an aircraft or of a spacecraft. For this purpose the elements of the shackle intended for taking up pressure and tensile forces as well as the elements providing the necessary structural stability are made of fiber compound materials such as carbon or boron fibers.

Abstract: An automatic sampling apparatus particularly adapted for flameless atomic absorption spectrometers has a turntable carrying a ring of sample containers. The turntable is rotatably mounted on a base plate which in turn is mounted for limited pivotal movement on a support. A rinse station for a sample probe is provided on the base plate adjacent the periphery of the turntable. A sample probe in the form of an elongated tube angled at one end to form a pipette-like tip is mounted for swinging movement about a transverse axis and concomitant rotation about its longitudinal axis so that, at both limits of movement about the transverse axis, the probe tip is directed generally downwardly.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to apparatus for flameless atomization of a sample for atomic absorption analysis, which includes a sample tube of electrically conductive material having a transverse bore offset axially towards one end of the tube with respect to the transverse central plane, an electrode arrangement including portions in electrical contact with the sample tube at spaced locations for passing an electrical current through the tube to cause heating thereof, and a system for generating an inert gas flow inwardly from the opposite end of the sample tube and outwardly through the transverse bore.

Abstract: A graphite furnace for flameless atomic absorption spectroscopy comprising a graphite sample tube with a sample port at the mid-point of its length. Electrodes supportively contact the tube ends and pass electrical heating current through the tube. The electrodes have hollow cylindrical portions which laterally envelope the tube over substantially its entire length, one of the electrodes being longer than the other and containing a radial bore in registration with the sample port. The cylindrical portions of the electrodes are disposed with complementary-shaped recesses in cooling jackets which encase all but the mid-length regions of the electrode cylindrical portions. The electrodes fit readily in the cooling jackets at room temperature due to differential expansion of these members. The sample tube, electrodes, cooling jackets and associated structure are mounted on a base with provisions for adjustment of the tube about various orthogonal axes.

Abstract: A method of atomization of a sample for analysis by atomic absorption spectroscopy in which the sample is progressively heated to drying, ashing and atomization temperatures by subjecting it sequentially to discrete ambient temperature increments.A preferred form of apparatus for carrying out the method takes the form of a graphite fabric conveyor belt which carries the sample substance and travels transversely through three hollow cylindrical graphite tubes disposed in spaced justaposition with longitudinal axes parallel. The belt passes through each tube in sequence, by way of pairs of aligned longitudinal slots in the sidewalls of the tubes, the slots defining a common chordal plane of the tubes. Each tube is maintained, respectively in the direction of belt travel, at drying, ashing and atomization temperature for the particular sample. The tubes are heated by an electrical current of appropriate magnitude passed between pairs of electrodes associated with the ends of the tubes.

Abstract: A heated graphite sample-atomizer for flameless atomic absorption spectroscopy in which a graphite sample tube is coaxially disposed within a pair of generally cylindrical electrode members which jointly envelope substantially the entire tube and define therewith a cylindrical flow passage for inert gas. The electrode members make electrical contact with respective ends of the tube to enable passage of a heating current therethrough. At least the outer end portions of the electrode members are telescoped within respective cooling jackets, the external cylindrical surfaces of the electrode members making a snug fit with complementary internal cylindrical surfaces of the cooling jackets at room temperature. The respective thermal expansion coefficients of the materials of the electrode members and cooling jackets are such as to create a press fit between the electrode members and cooling jackets under operating conditions.