Abstract: An electrophotographic photosensitive member, in which occurrences of image defects are suppressed, and a method for manufacturing the electrophotographic photosensitive member are provided. In addition, a process cartridge and an electrophotographic apparatus, which include the electrophotographic photosensitive member, are provided. The surface layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member contains a cured material, and the cured material is a copolymer of a hole transport compound having a chain-polymerizable functional group and a vinyl ester compound containing a long-chain alkyl group.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photosensitive member includes a support, an undercoat layer which contains a metal oxide particle and is formed on the support, a charge generating layer formed on the undercoat layer, and a charge transporting layer formed on the charge generating layer. Either or both of the undercoat layer and the charge generating layer contain a compound represented by formula (1).

Abstract: The present invention provides an electrophotographic apparatus in which the deterioration of electrical properties in repetitive use is suppressed even in the case where an electrophotographic photosensitive member absorbs moisture under a high-temperature and high-humidity environment. An undercoat layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member provided in the electrophotographic apparatus contains (?) a metal oxide particle, (?) a particular benzophenone compound and (?) a compound represented by the following formula (2). wherein R11 to R15 each independently represent a hydrogen atom, a hydroxy group, a halogen atom, an alkyl group, an alkoxy group or an amino group and A1 represents an alkenyl group having 2 or more and 4 or less carbon atoms.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photosensitive member includes an undercoat layer that includes metal oxide particles and a compound having at least three hydroxyl groups and a carbonyl or dicarbonyl group.

Abstract: In an electrophotographic photosensitive member including a support and a photosensitive layer formed on the support, a surface layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member contains a cured product obtained by copolymerizing at least one compound (i) selected from the group consisting of a triphenylamine compound having a hydroxymethyl group and a benzidine compound having a hydroxymethyl group, and at least one compound (ii) selected from the group consisting of a compound represented by the following formula (1), a compound represented by the following formula (2), a compound represented by the following formula (3), and a compound represented by the following formula (4):

Abstract: To provide an electrophotographic photosensitive member which satisfies abrasion resistance and electrical properties and which is difficult to cause image deletion. A surface layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member of this invention contains a polymerized product of a hole transporting compound having a polymerizable functional group, in which the hole transporting compound is at least one compound selected from the group consisting of: a compound consisting of one or more carbon atoms, one or more hydrogen atoms, and one or more halogen atoms; and a compound consisting of one or more carbon atoms, one or more hydrogen atoms, one or more oxygen atoms, and one or more halogen atoms.

Abstract: The present invention provides an electrophotographic photosensitive member in which an undercoat layer contains a metal oxide particle, a particular benzophenone compound and a particular ketone compound, a process cartridge and an electrophotographic apparatus each including the electrophotographic photosensitive member and a process for producing the electrophotographic photosensitive member.

Abstract: Provided is an electrophotographic photosensitive member, including: a support; and a photosensitive layer formed on the support, in which a surface layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member contains a polymerized product of a compound represented by the following structural formula (1).

Abstract: The present invention provides an electrophotographic photosensitive member which includes an undercoat layer, and the undercoat layer contains metal oxide particles and a compound represented by the formula (1).

Abstract: An electrophotographic photosensitive member includes an undercoat layer containing a silane coupling agent having a divalent group represented by —NH— and an urethane resin. The modulus of elastic deformation (we/wt) of a surface of the undercoat layer satisfies formula (X), where the modulus of elastic deformation is measured by a universal hardness test.

Abstract: Provided are an electrophotographic photosensitive member in which a variation in the light-area potential is suppressed even when the electrophotographic photosensitive member is repeatedly used for a long time in a high-temperature, high-humidity environment, a method of producing the electrophotographic photosensitive member, and a process cartridge and an electrophotographic apparatus that include the electrophotographic photosensitive member. The electrophotographic photosensitive member includes a support, an undercoat layer, and a photosensitive layer, wherein the undercoat layer contains a urethane resin and zinc oxide particles whose surfaces have been treated with a particular amount of an aminosilane compound.

Abstract: The present invention provides an electrophotographic photosensitive member which includes a support, an undercoat layer formed on the support, a photosensitive layer formed on the undercoat layer, and the undercoat layer contains metal oxide particles and a compound represented by the formula (1).

Abstract: A composition that contains a compound represented by the formula (1) is dissolved in an organic compound, and the composition is purified by using a basic adsorbent that contains at least 15% by mass magnesium and has a volume average particle diameter of 10 ?m to 500 ?m, both inclusive. An undercoat-layer-forming coating liquid is prepared by removing the basic adsorbent and dispersing metal oxide particles in the obtained solution containing the purified form of the composition. An undercoat layer is formed by forming a coat of the undercoat-layer-forming coating liquid and drying the coat.

Abstract: The present invention provides an electrophotographic photosensitive member which includes an undercoat layer, and the undercoat layer contains metal oxide particles and a compound represented by the formula (1).

Abstract: Provided is an electrophotographic photosensitive member, including: a support; and a photosensitive layer formed on the support, in which a surface layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member contains a polymerized product of a compound represented by the following structural formula (1).

Abstract: An electrophotographic photosensitive member includes a support, an undercoat layer which contains a metal oxide particle and is formed on the support, a charge generating layer formed on the undercoat layer, and a charge transporting layer formed on the charge generating layer. Either or both of the undercoat layer and the charge generating layer contain a compound represented by formula (1).

Abstract: A method is provided for testing a charge generation layer disposed directly on an undercoat layer disposed directly on an aluminum-based cylindrical support member formed by extrusion and drawing having a periphery not subjected to cutting work. The method includes testing the charge generation layer for a defect or a suspected defect by irradiating the charge generation layer with light, and receiving reflected light from the charge generation layer with a light receiving device. The light emitted to the charge generation layer has a wavelength within the range of the absorption wavelengths of the charge generation layer, and whose transmittance to the undercoat layer is 0.3% or less.

Abstract: Provided are an electrophotographic photosensitive member in which a variation in the light-area potential is suppressed even when the electrophotographic photosensitive member is repeatedly used for a long time in a high-temperature, high-humidity environment, a method of producing the electrophotographic photosensitive member, and a process cartridge and an electrophotographic apparatus that include the electrophotographic photosensitive member. The electrophotographic photosensitive member includes a support, an undercoat layer, and a photosensitive layer, wherein the undercoat layer contains a urethane resin and zinc oxide particles whose surfaces have been treated with a particular amount of an aminosilane compound.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photosensitive member includes an undercoat layer containing a silane coupling agent having a divalent group represented by —NH— and an urethane resin. The modulus of elastic deformation (we/wt) of a surface of the undercoat layer satisfies formula (X), where the modulus of elastic deformation is measured by a universal hardness test.

Abstract: A method is provided for testing a charge generation layer disposed directly on an undercoat layer disposed directly on an aluminum-based cylindrical support member formed by extrusion and drawing having a periphery not subjected to cutting work. The method includes testing the charge generation layer for a defect or a suspected defect by irradiating the charge generation layer with light, and receiving reflected light from the charge generation layer with a light receiving device. The light emitted to the charge generation layer has a wavelength within the range of the absorption wavelengths of the charge generation layer, and whose transmittance to the undercoat layer is 0.3% or less.