Abstract: A pair of substrates and a liquid crystal layer held between the pair of substrates are provided, at least one of the pair of substrates has plural electrodes for applying an electric field approximately parallel to the substrate to the liquid crystal layer, a protecting film for protecting at least one of the plural electrodes and oriented films or the electrodes, and an AC residual image of the oriented film is less than 8% to thereby enable high quality image display upon eliminating display defects caused by the AC residual image.

Abstract: Electroluminescence elements mounted on a substrate of an OLED display device are sealed by a protective film made of synthetic resin with chemical reaction curing in place of a sealing can. The protective film is formed such that a thickness thereof is equal to or larger than a thickness of the substrate. Alternatively, the protective film is formed by laminating a plurality of resin films which differ in one of the water absorption ratio, the elastic modulus and the hardness. With respect to the protective film which is formed of a plurality of laminated films, compared to the protective film at the electroluminescence element side, the protective film which covers the former protective film has the water absorption ratio, the elastic modulus or the hardness larger than the water absorption ratio, the elastic modulus or the hardness of the former protective film.

Abstract: Electroluminescence elements mounted on a substrate of an OLED display device are sealed by a protective film made of synthetic resin with chemical reaction curing in place of a sealing can. The protective film is formed such that a thickness thereof is equal to or larger than a thickness of the substrate. Alternatively, the protective film is formed by laminating a plurality of resin films which differ in one of the water absorption ratio, the elastic modulus and the hardness. With respect to the protective film which is formed of a plurality of laminated films, compared to the protective film at the electroluminescence element side, the protective film which covers the former protective film has the water absorption ratio, the elastic modulus or the hardness larger than the water absorption ratio, the elastic modulus or the hardness of the former protective film.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display apparatus having a pair of substrates and a liquid crystal layer interposed between the pair of substrates. One of the pair of substrates has an electrode structure including a plurality of pixel electrodes and a plurality of common electrodes, an inorganic film is formed on a surface of at least one of the plurality of pixel electrodes and the plurality of common electrodes, an organic polymer film is formed on the inorganic film and the liquid crystal layer is in direct contact with the organic polymer film.

Abstract: A substrate includes fluid control walls for controlling the liquid crystal fluid closer to the liquid crystal dropped spot of a display area or frame-like fluid control walls between a sealing material and the display area. After the liquid crystal is dropped on the display area, a pair of substrates are pasted and then picked out in the atmosphere for applying pressure onto the pair of substrates and diffusing the liquid crystal. The liquid crystal fluid control walls serve to control the liquid crystal fluid, thereby suppressing the liquid crystal contamination caused by the contact of the unhardened sealing material with the liquid crystal and the relevant display failure.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device can obviate the generation of an extinction pattern. In the liquid crystal display device, molecules of liquid crystal interposed between respective substrates which are arranged to face each other in an opposed manner are arranged in the vertical direction with respect to the substrate at the time of applying no voltage.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device according to the present invention includes a first substrate and a second substrate which are arranged to face each other in an opposed manner by way of liquid crystal, first electrodes which are formed in a pixel region of a liquid-crystal-side surface of the first substrate, and second electrodes which are formed in a pixel region of a liquid-crystal-side surface of the second substrate. In such a liquid crystal display device, liquid crystal molecules are arranged in the vertical direction with respect to the substrates in a state that an electric field is not applied between the first electrodes and the second electrodes. The liquid crystal display device further includes means which, with respect to a voltage applied between the first electrodes and the second electrodes, intermittently applies the voltage which is equal to or less than 20% of the maximum voltage.

Abstract: Electroluminescence elements mounted on a substrate of an OLED display device are sealed by a protective film made of synthetic resin with chemical reaction curing in place of a sealing can. The protective film is formed such that a thickness thereof is equal to or larger than a thickness of the substrate. Alternatively, the protective film is formed by laminating a plurality of resin films which differ in one of the water absorption ratio, the elastic modulus and the hardness. With respect to the protective film which is formed of a plurality of laminated films, compared to the protective film at the electroluminescence element side, the protective film which covers the former protective film has the water absorption ratio, the elastic modulus or the hardness larger than the water absorption ratio, the elastic modulus or the hardness of the former protective film.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display apparatus having a pair of substrates and a liquid crystal layer interposed between the pair of substrates. One of the pair of substrates has an electrode structure including a plurality of pixel electrodes and a plurality of common electrodes, an inorganic film is formed on a surface of at least one of the plurality of pixel electrodes and the plurality of common electrodes, an organic polymer film is formed on the inorganic film and the liquid crystal layer is in direct contact with the organic polymer film.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display apparatus having a pair of substrates and a liquid crystal layer interposed between the pair of substrates. One of the pair of substrates has an electrode structure including a plurality of pixel electrodes and a plurality of common electrodes, an organic polymer film is formed on at least one of the pixel electrodes and the common electrodes, and the liquid crystal layer is in direct contact with the organic polymer film.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device which is constructed to restrain the occurrence of ionic image retention includes substrates disposed in opposition to each other with a liquid crystal being interposed therebetween, a pixel electrode formed in each pixel area on a liquid-crystal-side surface of one of the substrates, a counter electrode which generates an electric field between itself and the pixel electrode, and alignment films disposed in contact with the liquid crystal on the liquid-crystal-side surfaces of the respective substrates. The liquid crystal has a positive or negative dielectric anisotropy, and each of the alignment films is made of a material containing a diamine structure which traps ionic impurities.

Abstract: In a liquid crystal display device comprising, a pair of substrates, a liquid crystal layer interposed between the pair of substrates, and at least one alignment film formed on a surface thereof confronting the liquid crystal layer, an optical property of the liquid crystal display device is improved by providing a moderate elasticity to the alignment film. In one of the liquid crystal display devices, the alignment film indicates a modulus of elasticity of not less than 2 GPa (2×109N/m2) being measured with a measurement error of ±GPa at temperature of 55° C., including a fluctuation of ±5° C. According to this property of the alignment film, sticking images appearing in and deteriorating the display quality of the liquid crystal display device are drastically suppressed.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device can suppress the local temperature elevation of a liquid crystal in the vicinity of drivers. On a liquid-crystal-side surface of one substrate out of substrates which are arranged to face each other in an opposed manner while sandwiching a liquid crystal therebetween, a switching element which is operated in response to scanning signals from a gate signal line, a pixel electrode to which video signals from a drain signal line are supplied via the switching element, and a reference electrode which generates an electric field between the reference electrode and the pixel electrode are mounted on each pixel region of the liquid-crystal-side surface. The video signals from the drain signal line are generated by a driver chip mounted on one substrate. A light transmittivity of the liquid crystal layer is set to take a minimum value when a voltage is not applied between the pixel electrode and the reference electrode.

Abstract: Creation of display image burn-in phenomena otherwise occurring due to the presence of an internal residual voltage(s) is suppressed. The polarization relaxation time constant &tgr; of a dielectric film layer existing between a liquid crystal drive electrode and a liquid crystal layer is specifically set to fall within a range of five minutes.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display apparatus having a pair of substrates and a liquid crystal layer interposed between the pair of substrates. One of the pair of substrates has an electrode structure including a plurality of pixel electrodes and a plurality of common electrodes, an organic polymer film is formed on at least one of the pixel electrodes and the common electrodes, and the liquid crystal layer is in direct contact with the organic polymer film.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device capable of preventing occurrence of display irregularity due to movement of spherical spacer materials. The liquid crystal display device includes a pixel electrode and counter electrode that are formed on a liquid crystal-side surface of one transparent substrate of respective transparent substrates disposed opposing each other with a liquid crystal being laid therebetween, wherein the transmissivity of light transmitting between this pixel electrode and the counter electrode is controlled by twisting of molecules of the liquid crystal as caused by an electric field generated between the pixel electrode and counter electrode. In the liquid crystal display device, spacer materials are provided between respective ones of said transparent substrates. These spacers are fixed and disposed on an insulating layer underlying an orientation film which is in contact with said liquid crystal on the one transparent substrate side.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display apparatus having a pair of substrates and a liquid crystal layer interposed between the pair of substrates. One of the pair of substrates has an electrode structure including a plurality of pixel electrodes and a plurality of common electrodes, an organic polymer film is formed on at least one of the pixel electrodes and the common electrodes, and the liquid crystal layer is in direct contact with the organic polymer film.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display apparatus has a pair of substrates and a liquid crystal layer interposed between the pair of substrates, one of the pair of substrates having an electrode structure composed of a plurality of electrodes for generating an electric field having a dominant component parallel to the substrate in the liquid crystal layer, a protective film formed on the electrode structure, and an alignment film formed on the protective film, and the thickness of the protective film is greater than the thickness of the electrode in contact with the protective film by more than 0.4 .mu.m.

Abstract: An optical information recording medium comprising a substrate and formed thereon an information recording layer comprising at least two organic dyes having different chemical structures and continuous playback ability of 10.sup.5 times or more at a playback laser power of 0.5 to 1.5 mW, is excellent in readout light stability (durability) and reflectance.

Abstract: A naphthalocyanine derivative of the formula: ##STR1## wherein M, Y, R.sup.1, k, l, m, n are as defined in the specification, is an effective substance for forming a recording layer on a substrate of an optical recording medium having high sensitivity with good properties.