Abstract: The disclosed invention provides a process for obtaining fatty acid alkyl esters, rosin acids and sterols from crude tall oil (CTO), characterised in that the CTO is subjected to the following steps: (a) reacting the free fatty acids present in the CTO with lower alcohols; (b) separating the fatty acid lower alkyl esters thus obtained from the remaining CTO to produce a first stream of fatty acid esters; (c) esterifying the sterols in the remaining CTO with boric acid; (d) separating the remaining rosin acids from the sterol borates previously obtained to produce a second stream of rosin acids; and (e) converting said sterol borates into the free sterols to produce a third stream of free sterols.

Abstract: The disclosed invention refers to a process for obtaining fatty acid alkyl esters, rosin acids and sterols from crude tall oil (CTO), which is characterised by the following steps: (a) reacting the free fatty acids present in the CTO with lower alcohols; (b) esterifying the sterols in the CTO with boric acid or transesterifying the sterols with a catalyst; (c) separating the fatty acid lower alkyl esters and rosin acids from the remaining sterol borate esters or sterol esters of fatty acids to produce a stream of sterol esters; (d) separating the fatty acid alkyl esters from the rosin acids to produce a first stream of fatty acid alky esters and a second stream of rosin acids; and (e) converting the sterol esters into the free sterols to produce a third stream of free sterols.

Abstract: Disclosed are CMP conditioners which can suppress microscratching of the surface of a semiconductor substrate and can realize stable CMP conditioner properties. The CMP conditioner according to the first aspect of the present invention comprises a support member and a plurality of hard abrasive grains provided on a surface of the support member, wherein the plurality of hard abrasive grains are regularly arranged on the surface of the support member. The CMP conditioner according to the second aspect of the present invention comprises a support member and a plurality of hard abrasive grains provided on the surface of the support member, wherein the plurality of hard abrasive grains are arranged on the surface of the support member regularly and so as for the density of the hard abrasive grains to decrease from the inner side of the support member toward the outer side of the support member.

Abstract: Disclosed are CMP conditioners which can suppress microscratching of the surface of a semiconductor substrate and can realize stable CMP conditioner properties. The CMP conditioner according to the first aspect of the present invention comprises a support member and a plurality of hard abrasive grains provided on a surface of the support member, wherein the plurality of hard abrasive grains are regularly arranged on the surface of the support member. The CMP conditioner according to the second aspect of the present invention comprises a support member and a plurality of hard abrasive grains provided on the surface of the support member, wherein the plurality of hard abrasive grains are arranged on the surface of the support member regularly and so as for the density of the hard abrasive grains to decrease from the inner side of the support member toward the outer side of the support member.

Abstract: Process for the preparation of dimeric fatty acid C1-4 alkyl esters comprising the steps of A) reacting a soybean oil condensate obtained from the deodorization of refined soybean oil and which contains less than 30% by weight of free and esterified oleic acid based on the total weight of free and esterified fatty acids in said condensate, with a C1-4 alkanol in the presence of a zinc oxide catalyst to convert free fatty acids and fatty acid glyceride esters to fatty acid C1-4 alkyl esters; B) removing excess C1-4 alkanol, volatile reaction by-products, water, and the zinc oxide catalyst from the resulting reaction mixture; C) heating the reaction mixture from step B) under vacuum to obtain a distillate of fatty acid C1-4 alkyl esters; D) separating the distillate from step C) into a fraction containing mostly C16-18 saturated fatty acid C1-4 alkyl esters and a second fraction containing mostly C16-18 unsaturated fatty acid C1-4 alkyl esters wherein the oleic acid C1-4 alkyl ester content is less than abo

Abstract: Mixtures of dimeric and trimeric fatty acid C1-4 alkyl esters and processes for their preparation comprising either A) epoxidizing an unsaturated or partially hydrogenated fatty acid glyceride; B) transesterifying the epoxidized glyceride with a C1-4 alkanol to obtain epoxidized fatty acid C1-4 alkyl esters; and C) ring opening and dimerizing the epoxidized fatty acid C1-4 alkyl esters; or A) transesterifying an unsaturated or partially hydrogenated glyceride with a C1-4 alkanol to obtain olefinically unsaturated fatty acid C1-4 alkyl esters; B) epoxidizing the unsaturated fatty acid C1-4 alkyl esters; and C) ring opening and dimerizing the epoxidized fatty acid C1-4 alkyl esters.

Abstract: Polyamides and process for their preparation comprising eitherA) epoxidizing an unsaturated or partially hydrogenated fatty acid glyceride;B) transesterifying the epoxidized glyceride with a C.sub.1-4 alkanol to obtain epoxidized fatty acid C.sub.1-4 alkyl esters;C) ring opening and dimerizing the epoxidized fatty acid C.sub.1-4 alkyl esters; andD) reacting the dimerized fatty acid C.sub.1-4 alkyl esters with a polyamine to obtain a polyamide; orA) transesterifying an unsaturated or partially hydrogenated glyceride with a C.sub.14 alkanol to obtain olefinically unsaturated fatty acid C.sub.1-4 alkyl esters;B) epoxidizing the unsaturated fatty acid C.sub.1-4 alkyl esters;C) ring opening and dimerizing the epoxidized fatty acid C.sub.1-4 alkyl esters; andD) reacting the dimerized fatty acid C.sub.1-4 alkyl esters with a polyamine to obtain a polyamide.

Abstract: Process for the preparation of polyamides comprising the steps of A) reacting a soybean oil condensate obtained from the deodorization of refined soybean oil and which contains less than 30% by weight of free and esterified oleic acid based on the total weight of free and esterified fatty acids in said condensate, with a C.sub.1-4 alkanol in the presence of a zinc oxide catalyst to convert free fatty acids and fatty acid glyceride esters to fatty acid C.sub.1-4 alkyl esters;B) removing excess C.sub.1-4 alkanol, volatile reaction by-products, water, and the zinc oxide catalyst from the resulting reaction mixture;C) heating the reaction mixture from step B) under vacuum to obtain a distillate of fatty acid C.sub.1-4 alkyl esters;D) separating the distillate from step C) into a fraction containing mostly C.sub.16-18 saturated fatty acid C.sub.1-4 alkyl esters and a second fraction containing mostly C.sub.16-18 unsaturated fatty acid C.sub.1-4 alkyl esters wherein the oleic acid C.sub.

Abstract: Impurities containing a pungent taste component are removed from a hot red pepper oleoresin as a starting material therefrom by a supercritical gas extraction method using a carbon dioxide as an extracting reagent, and the extraction residue is used as a red coloring matter. Even when the hot red pepper is used as the raw material, the invention can provide a natural red coloring matter evaluated as having "no pungent taste" by an organoleptic test. When the natural red coloring matter is prepared from the hot red pepper as the raw material by the supercritical gas extraction method, the invention can drastically reduce the gas pressure of the extracting reagent in comparison with the prior art.

Abstract: An indicating recorder comprising a housing unit, an internal frame unit and an electric power source unit. The housing unit includes a single-swing front door and is made from a square prismatic housing formed by bending a thin plate. The internal frame unit is positioned in the vicinity of the inlet of the housing unit and is rotatable in a direction opposite the front door so as to be drawn out toward the front. The internal frame unit has left and right side plates and coupling beams between the two side plates, and principally comprises an indicating recorder mechanism having a chart feed mechanism, a recording pen mechanism, and other related instruments.The electric power source unit is located in the housing unit and is equipped with a power transformer and a terminal board unit, both of which are in a rear frame region to provide power supply and input signals.

Abstract: A parallelepiped housing contains a displacement-transfer plate being slidable along the surface, and a pair of micrometer heads of the same shape and same size are mounted on a rear plate of said housing headed toward the front in said housing maintaining parallel and definite distance to one another.A differential lever is formed in such a length that the pivot parts at each tip of said pair of micrometer heads are rendered to serve as fulcrums, respectively, and a non-bisected part in the lengthwise direction of said lever is rotatably and pivotally supported as a point of application at the said displacement-transfer plate.A rectangular slider block is so constructed as to be guided along side plates and a base plate forming said housing, and is always pulled rearwards by a resilient means. Said slider block and said displacement-transfer plate are fastened via a determined space.Whereby coarse and fine adjustable displacements are realized at the displacement-transfer plate.

Abstract: A simplified, compact, inexpensive portable self-balancing recorder to be used in the monitoring of data relating to pollution and/or environmental protection. The recorder is about 650 cubic centimeters in volume and weighs about 5 kilograms; it comprises a minimal number of constitutent components and may be operated without certain costly options (e.g. alarms and controls) if desired. The recorder uses printed circuit board circuitry to monitor and process input signals from the measuring points, and these components can conveniently and easily be removed from the recorder for adjustments or replacements. The recorder includes means for adjusting the ink pressure according to recording conditions and provides an inking system with an hermetically sealed pen point to prevent introduction of bubbles into the ink.

Abstract: A multipoint recorder of the type used to monitor a number of measuring instruments and including a mechanism having a group of contacts for sequentially selecting signals from a number of measuring points, a self-balancing circuit having a balancing motor for intermittently measuring each of said signals, and an indicating and recording mechanism operated in synchronism with said selection mechanism for indicating and recording, e.g., on a strip chart, the group of measurements supplied by said self-balancing circuit. The multipoint recorder is characterized by a group of auxiliary contacts in said selection mechanism interspersed with the group of measuring point selection contacts, said auxiliary contacts being switched with a given delay behind switching of the measuring point selection contacts so that the auxiliary contacts are sequentially closed as the selection mechanism switches between measuring point selection contacts.

Abstract: A connector having two connector portions which are adjustably connected together to be in aligned relationship and with each portion receiving the respective ends of optical fibre lines to be connected together in abutting and aligned relationship. At least one connector portion has an inner collar in which the end of the fibre is disposed to lie in eccentric relationship to the longitudinal axis of the collar. This inner collar is rotatably disposed in a hole in an outer collar with the hole being eccentrically disposed with respect to the longitudinal axis of its outer collar. By angular adjustment of the inner and outer collars with respect to each other the respective ends of the optical fibre lines can be positioned with respect to each. At least one inner collar can be of transparent material so that optical leakage occurring at the connector can be easily detected.