Abstract: A multiple cation-doped perovskite compound includes a perovskite represented by a formula of ABX3. A includes M1, M2, and M3. M1 represents a cation different from M2 and M3; M2 represents a cesium ion and M3 represents a formamidinium ion. B represents a divalent cation different from M1, M2, and M3. X includes at least two different halide ions. In addition, the perovskite compound is free from methylamine ion. A perovskite solar cell including the multiple cation-doped perovskite compound is also provided.

Abstract: A method for the prediction, prognosis and/or diagnosis of bladder cancer or bladder cancer recurrence in a subject, the method includes: providing a test sample from the subject; measuring DNA methylation levels of at least a portion of two or more polynucleotides selected from the group consisting of HOXA9, SOX1, NPY, IRAK3, L1-MET, and ZO2 in the test sample; calculating a risk score based on the measured DNA methylation levels, comparing the calculated risk score to a cut-off value derived from a reference DNA methylation profile based on DNA methylation levels of the one or more biomarkers derived from a control group, members of which had bladder cancer; and based on the comparison calculated risk score to the cut-off value, determining at least one of: (1) whether bladder cancer has recurred; (2) whether there is likelihood that the bladder cancer will recur; and (3) whether the patient has bladder cancer.

Abstract: A method for the prediction, prognosis and/or diagnosis of bladder cancer or bladder cancer recurrence in a subject, the method includes: providing a test sample from the subject; measuring DNA methylation levels of at least a portion of two or more polynucleotides selected from the group consisting of HOXA9, SOX1, NPY, IRAK3, L1-MET, and ZO2 in the test sample; calculating a risk score based on the measured DNA methylation levels, comparing the calculated risk score to a cut-off value derived from a reference DNA methylation profile based on DNA methylation levels of the one or more biomarkers derived from a control group, members of which had bladder cancer; and based on the comparison calculated risk score to the cut-off value, determining at least one of: (1) whether bladder cancer has recurred; (2) whether there is likelihood that the bladder cancer will recur; and (3) whether the patient has bladder cancer. The one or more polynucleotides preferably comprise SOX1, IRAK3 and L1-MET.

Abstract: A method for the prediction, prognosis and/or diagnosis of bladder cancer or bladder cancer recurrence in a subject, the method includes: providing a test sample from the subject; measuring DNA methylation levels of at least a portion of two or more polynucleotides selected from the group consisting of HOXA9, SOXI, NPY, IRAK3, L1-MET, and Z02 in the test sample; calculating a risk score based on the measured DNA methylation levels, comparing the calculated risk score to a cut-off value derived from a reference DNA methylation profile based on DNA methylation levels of the one or more biomarkers derived from a control group, members of which had bladder cancer; and based on the comparison calculated risk score to the cut-off value, determining at least one of: (1) whether bladder cancer has recurred; (2) whether there is likelihood that the bladder cancer will recur; and (3) whether the patient has bladder cancer.

Abstract: A method for the prediction, prognosis and/or diagnosis of bladder cancer or bladder cancer recurrence in a subject, the method includes: providing a test sample from the subject; measuring DNA methylation levels of at least a portion of two or more polynucleotides selected from the group consisting of HOXA9, SOXI, NPY, IRAK3, L1-MET, and Z02 in the test sample; calculating a risk score based on the measured DNA methylation levels, comparing the calculated risk score to a cut-off value derived from a reference DNA methylation profile based on DNA methylation levels of the one or more biomarkers derived from a control group, members of which had bladder cancer; and based on the comparison calculated risk score to the cut-off value, determining at least one of: (1) whether bladder cancer has recurred; (2) whether there is likelihood that the bladder cancer will recur; and (3) whether the patient has bladder cancer.