Abstract: The invention is for a process for manufacturing a liquid crystal display element for use in a color display using resist materials. The process comprises forming a transparent conductive film on one side of a transparent substrate; patterning the transparent conductive film by coating with a colored positive resist followed by exposure and development, coating a black-colored negative resist onto the transparent film; forming black stripes by subjecting the negative resist to exposure from the back side of the transparent substrate and development of the negative resist.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing a color liquid crystal display device is available where light-blocking layers are provided for the color filter stripes on a pixel-by-pixel basis by inserting the light-blocking layers between stripes of transparent conductive films that are already striped as scanning electrodes. The manufacturing method is characterized by the steps of the formation of a transparent conductive film on a first transparent substrate, patterning of the transparent conductive film by coating the transparent conductive film with a colored, positive resist, exposure and development, coating of patterned transparent conductive films with a blackened, negative resist, formation of black stripes of the negative resist between the patterned transparent conductive films by performing back exposure through the first transparent substrate and development, and the removing the positive resist remaining on the patterned transparent conductive films.

Abstract: A signal detection apparatus comprises a device for forming with separable lights illumination areas extending in different plural directions, a scanner for causing the illumination areas to scan bar-like marks extending in different directions on an object, and a photoreceptor for separately receiving signal lights corresponding to the respective different directions from the rays reflected by the marks.

Abstract: An apparatus for processing a signal for aligning a mask having at least one standard mark thereon with a wafer having at least one reference mark thereon, includes a first sensor for sensing the standard mark, a second sensor for sensing the reference mark through the mask, a threshold value determining circuit for detecting a peak value from a signal stream put out by the first sensor and determining a first threshold value and for detecting a peak value from a signal stream put out by the second sensor and determining a second threshold value, a signal converting circuit for converting a signal of a higher level than the first threshold value from the signal stream put out by the first sensor into a first digital signal and for converting a signal of a higher level than the second threshold value from the signal stream put out by the second sensor into a second digital signal, and a composing circuit for composing the first digital signal and the second digital signal.