Abstract: A negative electrode material powder for a lithium ion secondary battery having a conductive carbon film on the surface of a lower-silicon-oxide powder; wherein a specific surface area in BET measurement ranges from more than 0.3 m2/g to 40 m2/g, and no SiC peak appears at 2?=35.6°±0.01° or the half-value width of the appeared peak is 2° or more in XRD measurement using CuK? rays. The proportion of said carbon film preferably ranges from 0.2% to 2.5% by mass. Said powder preferably has 100000 ?cm or less of specific resistance. In XRD, P2/P1<0.01 is preferably satisfied between the highest value P1 of halo of SiOx and a value P2 of the strongest linear peak of Si (111) above the halo. Accordingly, said powder can be used in the secondary battery with a large discharge capacity and a preferable cycle characteristics for practical use.

Abstract: In a lithium ion secondary battery using a negative electrode material powder including a lower silicon oxide powder as a negative electrode material, a charge electric potential at 0.45-1.0 V relative to a Li reference upon initial charging results in a lithium ion secondary battery having a large discharge capacity with excellent cycle characteristics, which can be durable in practical use. On this occasion, the charge electric potential being 0.45-1.0 V relative to the Li reference upon initial charging means that an electric potential plateau caused by the generation of Li-silicate is observed, and the Li-silicate is uniformly generated in the negative electrode material, and this results in excellent cycle characteristics. The negative electrode material powder can have an electrically conductive carbon film on the surface with a ratio of the carbon film to the surface of the powder to be 0.2-10 mass %.

Abstract: A negative electrode material powder for a lithium ion secondary battery having a conductive carbon film on the surface of a lower-silicon-oxide powder; wherein a specific surface area in BET measurement ranges from more than 0.3 m2/g to 40 m2/g, and no SiC peak appears at 2?=35.6°±0.01° or the half-value width of the appeared peak is 2° or more in XRD measurement using CuK? rays. The proportion of said carbon film preferably ranges from 0.2% to 2.5% by mass. Said powder preferably has 100000 ?cm or less of specific resistance. In XRD, P2/P1<0.01 is preferably satisfied between the highest value P1 of halo of SiOx and a value P2 of the strongest linear peak of Si (111) above the halo. Accordingly, said powder can be used in the secondary battery with a large discharge capacity and a preferable cycle characteristics for practical use.

Abstract: Provided is a negative-electrode material powder for a lithium-ion secondary battery including a conductive carbon film on the surface of a silicon oxide powder, in which the total content of tar components is not less than 1 ppm and not more than 4000 ppm, and in the Raman spectrum, peaks exist at 1350 cm?1 and 1580 cm?1, while the peak at 1580 cm?1 has a half-value width of not less than 50 cm?1 and not more than 100 cm?1. In the negative-electrode material powder, a specific surface area is preferably not less than 0.3 m2/g and not more than 40 m2/g, and the proportion of the conductive carbon film is preferably not less than 0.2 mass % and not more than 10 mass %. This makes it possible to provide a negative-electrode material powder which can be used to obtain a lithium-ion secondary battery with large discharge capacity and satisfactory cycle characteristics.

Abstract: Provided is a negative-electrode material powder used for a lithium-ion secondary battery having a large discharge capacity and sufficient cycle characteristics as being durable in use. The powder for the battery includes a conductive carbon film on a lower silicon oxide powder, surface and satisfies requirements that: Si in SiC is 15.1 wt % or less in content, or A3 (=A2?A1) is 15.1 or less, given A1 (wt %): Si content measured by acid solution process, and A2 (wt %): Si content measured by alkali solution process; and a specific resistance is 30,000 ?cm or less. In the lower silicon oxide powder, a maximum value P1 of SiOx-derived halos appearing at 2?=10° to 30° and a value P2 of the strongest line peak of Si (111) appearing at 2?=28.4±0.3°, in XRD using CuK? beam, preferably satisfy P2/P1<0.01. The content of tar component is preferably 1 ppm or more and 4,000 ppm or less.

Abstract: Provided is a negative-electrode material powder for lithium-ion secondary battery including a silicon-rich layer on the surface of a lower silicon oxide powder, and a negative-electrode material powder for said battery comprising a silicon oxide powder, characterized by satisfying c/d<1, where c is the molar ratio of oxygen to silicon on the surface of the silicon oxide powder and d is that for the entire part thereof. It preferably satisfies one of c<1 and 0.8<d<1.0. Preferably, the surface of the powder is devoid of crystalline silicon, the inside of the powder is amorphous, and the surface includes a conductive carbon film. The surface of said negative-electrode material powder is coated with silicon using disproportionation of SiCl (X<4). This provides a negative-electrode material powder that can be used as a lithium-ion secondary battery having a large reversible capacity, while a small irreversible capacity, and a method for producing the same.

Abstract: A method capable of stably manufacturing a SiC single crystal in the form of a thin film or a bulk crystal having a low carrier density of at most 5×1017/cm3 and preferably less than 1×1017/cm3 and which is suitable for use in various devices by liquid phase growth using a SiC solution in which the solvent is a melt of a Si alloy employs a Si alloy having a composition which is expressed by SixCryTiz wherein x, y, and z (each in atomic percent) satisfy 0.50<x<0.68, 0.08<y<0.35, and 0.08<z<0.35, or ??(1) 0.40<x?0.50, 0.15<y<0.40, and 0.15<z<0.35.??(2) x, y, and z preferably satisfy 0.53<x<0.65, 0.1<y<0.3, and 0.1<z<0.3.

Abstract: A method capable of stably manufacturing a SiC single crystal in the form of a thin film or a bulk crystal having a low carrier density of at most 5×1017/cm3 and preferably less than 1×1017/cm3 and which is suitable for use in various devices by liquid phase growth using a SiC solution in which the solvent is a melt of a Si alloy employs a Si alloy having a composition which is expressed by SixCryTiz wherein x, y, and z (each in atomic percent) satisfy 0.50<x<0.68, 0.08<y<0.35, and 0.08<z<0.35, or??(1) 0.40<x?0.50, 0.15<y<0.40, and 0.15<z<0.35.??(2) x, y, and z preferably satisfy 0.53<x<0.65, 0.1<y<0.3, and 0.1<z<0.3.

Abstract: An even titanium oxide film is economically formed on the surface of a substrate. To actualize the film formation, an aqueous titanium tetrachloride solution containing 0.1 to 17% by weight of Ti is applied in a film-like state on the surface of a heat resistant substrate. While the liquid film state is kept as it is, the aqueous titanium tetrachloride solution is heated to 300° C. or more and H2O and HCl in the liquid film are accordingly evaporated to form a titanium oxide film. In the case where the substrate is of aluminum inferior in acid resistance, an acid-resistant film such as an oxide film is previously formed on the surface of the metal substrate.

Abstract: A full spectrum light emitting lamp and one or more translucent base bodies surrounding the lamp are disposed in the lighting apparatus, the one or more translucent bas bodies having a photocatalytic reaction layer which bears a photocatalyst made of a titanium dioxide thin film therein, or the one or more translucent base bodies having the photocatalytic reaction layer which bears the photocatalyst made of the titanium dioxide thin film therein and having infrared light-absorbing functions, and a space through which air can flow is formed between the lamp and the translucent base body. Therefore, an ultraviolet light, a visible light and an infrared light can effectively be utilized according to characteristics such as an air purifying function of the ultraviolet light, a lighting function of the visible light, and a heating function of the infrared light to thereby save optical energy emitted from the lamp.

Abstract: A titanium oxide photocatalyst responsive to visible light which can exhibit a high photocatalytic activity in response to visible light is produced by subjecting titanium oxide and/or titanium hydroxide obtained by neutralizing an acidic titanium compound with a nitrogen-containing base to heat treatment in an atmosphere containing a hydrolyzable metal compound (e.g., a titanium halide) and then to additional heat treatment in a gas having a moisture content of 0.5-4.0 volume % at a temperature of 350° C. or above. The photocatalyst which is a nitrogen-containing titanium oxide has no substantial peak at a temperature of 600° C. or above in a mass fragment spectrum obtained by thermal desorption spectroscopy in which the ratio m/e of the mass number m to the electric charged e of ions is 28, and the peak having the smallest half band width is in the range of 400-600° C. in the spectrum. The nitrogen content calculated from the peak appearing at 400 eV±1.

Abstract: Hypochlorous acid is produced economically without the supply of electricity energy from outside. To actualize the production, a photoelectric cell having a titanium oxide electrode 1 and a counter electrode 2 is placed in an electrolyte solution 3 containing a metal chloride. Under the environment that oxygen can be supplied to the counter electrode 2 of the photoelectric cell in the electrolyte solution 3, the titanium oxide electrode 1 is irradiated with light.

Abstract: A highly active titanium oxide photocatalyst of the type responsive to visible light is prepared by subjecting a titanium (hydr)oxide raw material obtained by neutralizing an acidic titanium compound in ammonia or an amine under conditions such that the final pH is 7 or below to heat treatment in an atmosphere containing a hydrolyzable compound followed by contact with water and additional heat treatment at a temperature of at least 350° C. The resulting titanium oxide photocatalyst comprises titanium oxide with a specific surface area of at most 120 m2/g and with the amount of surface hydroxyl groups being at least 600 ?eq/g. Preferably the density of surface hydroxyl groups is at least 8 ?eq/m2, and the ratio of the amount of terminal type hydroxyl groups (T) to the amount of bridge type hydroxyl groups (B) in the surface hydroxyl groups satisfies T/B?0.20. This titanium oxide photocatalyst has an ESR spectrum having two types of triplet signal for which the g values of the main spectra are 1.993-2.

Abstract: A photocatalytic composite material having a photocatalytic titanium oxide film on the surface of a substrate is produced by a CVD method in which TiCl4 vapor is reacted with water vapor. The TiCl4 vapor and the water vapor are injected into a vapor deposition chamber (9) through nozzles (5) and (6), respectively, such that the resulting two injected vapor streams meet before reaching the substrate, thereby mixing the two vapors. Within 3 seconds after this mixing, the mixed vapors are brought into contact with a substrate (1) which is moving in one direction. Preferably the TiCl4 vapor is injected in a reverse direction with respect to the direction of movement of the substrate through a multi-orifice nozzle (5), while the water vapor is injected through a slit nozzle (6) disposed at a smaller angle with respect to the substrate.

Abstract: A photocatalytic composite material having a high activity and good durability is produced by coating the surface of a substrate with a continuous film of titanium oxide by vapor deposition from titanium tetrachloride. In the case of a substrate which is a mass of inorganic fibers such as glass cloth, the individual fibers or filaments in the mass are coated with titanium oxide. The vapor deposition is performed by contacting the substrate, such as a mass of inorganic fibers, which has been heated to 100-300° C., with a mixture of distilled pure titanium tetrachloride vapor and water vapor to form a film of a titanium oxide precursor on the surface of the substrate. Then, the substrate is heated at 300-600° C. in an oxidizing atmosphere, resulting in the formation on the substrate surface of a continuous film of a photocatalyst having a high activity and good adhesion to the substrate and comprising crystalline titanium oxide with an average crystallite diameter of 50 nm or smaller.

Abstract: A purification method of a metal salt which comprises bringing a metal salt formed by melting an alkali metal salt, an alkaline earth metal salt or a mixture thereof into contact with titanium or the like, thereby adsorbing impurities in the metal salt, a deoxidization method by melting metallic calcium into a molten product of the metal salt purified by the purification method and bringing the same into contact with a titanium material, and a production method of the titanium material which comprises conducting molten salt electrolysis by using the molten product of the purified metal salt for an electrolytic bath. Using the purification or production method the molten metal salt can be purified simply and conveniently at good efficiency. Then, use of the purified metal salt can minimize contamination caused by the metal impurities in the molten salt and the titanium material of high quality can be produced.