Abstract: A light-emitting device with a low driving voltage and favorable current efficiency which can be used for a high-resolution display apparatus is provided. A tandem light-emitting device that is fabricated through a photolithography process and includes a plurality of light-emitting units and an intermediate layer between the light-emitting units is provided. The intermediate layer includes a first region including a metal or a metal oxide, a first organic compound including a first ?-electron deficient heteroaromatic ring with an electron-donating group, and a second organic compound including a second ?-electron deficient heteroaromatic ring. The LUMO level of the second organic compound is lower than that of the first organic compound by greater than or equal to 0.30 eV.

Abstract: A light-emitting device that can be used in a high-resolution display apparatus and has a low driving voltage and high current efficiency is provided. A tandem light-emitting device is fabricated through a photolithography process and includes a plurality of light-emitting units and an intermediate layer therebetween. The intermediate layer includes a layer that includes a metal oxide and an organic compound having a phenanthroline ring with an electron-donating group. The layer of the intermediate layer is in contact with a light-emitting unit on the anode side.

Abstract: To provide a light-emitting device with favorable characteristics. A plurality of light-emitting devices are over one insulating surface. Each of the plurality of light-emitting devices includes a first electrode, a second electrode, and an organic compound layer between the first electrode and the second electrode. The first electrodes of the plurality of light-emitting devices are separate from each other. The second electrode is shared by the plurality of light-emitting devices. The organic compound layer includes a first light-emitting layer, a second light-emitting layer, and an intermediate layer between the first light-emitting layer and the second light-emitting layer. Contours of the first light-emitting layer, the intermediate layer, and the second light-emitting layer are aligned or substantially aligned with each other in each of the plurality of light-emitting devices. The intermediate layer includes a first layer.

Abstract: A tandem light-emitting device that can be suitably used for a high-resolution display device is provided. The light-emitting device includes a first electrode, a second electrode facing the first electrode, a first light-emitting layer, a second light-emitting layer, and a first layer. The first light-emitting layer and the second light-emitting layer are between the first electrode and the second electrode. The first layer is between the first light-emitting layer and the second light-emitting layer. GSP_slope (mV/nm) of the first layer and GSP_slope (mV/nm) of the first light-emitting layer are denoted by signs of opposite polarities. Note that the GSP_slope (mV/nm) is a parameter represented by V/d when a surface potential and a thickness of a film are represented by V (mV) and d (nm), respectively.

Abstract: A system including control devices configured to perform nth-order transmission, each control device including: a storage device storing, in relation to the control devices, a source list being a list of the control devices to be passed through from a most upstream control device to the control device and a destination list being a list of the control devices to be passed through from the control device to a most downstream control device; and a processor performing processing including: when an update request including a first source list of a first control device is received, updating the source list using the update request, generating a new update request using the updated source list, and transmitting the new update request to a second control device; and when a completion response including a second destination list of the second control device is received, updating the destination list using the completion response.