Abstract: A composition useful in methods and apparatuses for inhibiting the build-up of byproduct carbonaceous material includes a perovskite material or a precursor therefor; and a yttrium doped ceria or a precursor therefor.

Abstract: A method for cracking hydrocarbon includes: providing hydrocarbon; and feeding the hydrocarbon into an apparatus having an inner surface accessible to hydrocarbon, the inner surface comprising a perovskite material and a tuning material; wherein a yield of coke in the apparatus is lower than that in an apparatus without the perovskite material; and a yield of carbon monoxide in the apparatus is lower than that in an apparatus without the tuning material. An associated apparatus is also described.

Abstract: A method for cracking hydrocarbon, comprises: providing steam and hydrocarbon; and feeding steam and hydrocarbon into a reactor accessible to hydrocarbon and comprising a perovskite material of formula AaBbCcDdO3-?, wherein 0<a<1.2, 0?b?1.2, 0.9<a+b?1.2, 0<c<1.2, 0?d?1.2, 0.9<c+d?1.2, ?0.5<?<0.

Abstract: An apparatus has a surface exposable to a byproduct carbonaceous material formation environment and comprising a perovskite material having an ABO3 perovskite structure and being of formula AaBbO3-?, wherein 0.9<a?1.2; 0.9<b<1.2; -0.5<6<0.

Abstract: A apparatus includes a first stack having: a porous metallic current collector; a first electrode layer on the porous metallic current collector; a second electrode layer; a first electrolyte layer between the first electrode layer and the second electrode layer; a third electrode layer on the porous metallic current collector, the third electrode layer sandwiching the porous metallic current collector therebetween with the first electrode layer; a fourth electrode layer; and a second electrolyte layer between the third and the fourth electrode layers. A method includes: providing (he apparatus; applying a first electric field between the first electrode layer and the second electrode layer; applying a second electric field between the third and the fourth electrode layers; and introducing nitrogen oxide to the apparatus to be decomposed into nitrogen and oxygen in the apparatus.

Abstract: A surface treatment method includes: contacting a substrate with a treatment material, the substrate comprising a metallic element, the treatment material comprising an alkaline earth metal element, an alkali metal element, or any combination thereof; and forming on the substrate a surface layer comprising a first oxide of the alkaline earth metal element, the alkali metal element, or any combination thereof and a second oxide of the metallic element. A device has: a substrate layer comprising a metallic element; and a surface layer comprising a first oxide of an alkaline earth metal element, an alkali metal element, or any combination thereof, and a second oxide of the metallic element.

Abstract: An electrode composition for removing nitrogen oxide, includes: a catalytic material and an adsorption material, wherein the adsorption material is a perovskite material of formula AaBbO3-?, wherein 0.9<a?1.2; 0.9<b?1.2; ?0.5<?<0.

Abstract: A method for decomposing nitrogen oxide includes: contacting a gas stream comprising nitrogen oxide with a device, the device comprising: a first electrode, an opposite second electrode, an electrolyte between the first and the second electrodes, and a power supply; and applying in a pulse mode an electrical current from the power supply to the first and the second electrodes to decompose nitrogen oxide. An associated apparatus is also described.

Abstract: A method for converting carbon into a carbon oxide, comprises: contacting carbon with steam in presence of a carnegieite-like material of formula (Na2O)xNa2[Al2Si2)8], wherein 0<x?1. Method and apparatus for hydrocarbon cracking are also described herein.

Abstract: A method for converting carbon into a carbon oxide, comprises: contacting carbon with steam in presence of a carnegieite-like material of formula (Na2O)xNa2[Al2Si2O8], wherein 0<x?1. Method and apparatus for hydrocarbon cracking are also described herein.

Abstract: A material is described of formula NaxMyAlaSibO67 with Face Centered Cubic (fcc) lattices forming F -4 3 m cubic structure, wherein M is at least one of lithium, potassium, rubidium, caesium, vanadium, chromium, iron, cobalt, nickel, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, silver, osmium, iridium, platinum, gold, and cerium; 0<x+y?22/3; wherein when y=0, 4<x?/3, when 0<y?/3, 0?x<22/3, and when M is potassium, x>0; 1?a3; 1?b?3; and 0<??32/3. An exhaust gas system comprising the material and a method are also described herein.

Abstract: A reactor has an inner surface accessible to the hydrocarbon and comprising a sintered product of at least one of cerium oxide, zinc oxide, tin oxide, zirconium oxide, boehmite and silicon dioxide, and a perovskite material of formula AaBbCcDdO3-?. 0<a<1.2, 0?b?1.2, 0.9<a+b?1.2, 0<c<1.2, 0?d?1.2, 0.9<c+d?1.2, ?0.5<?<0.5. A is selected from calcium, strontium, barium, and any combination thereof. B is selected from lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, and any combination thereof. C is selected from cerium, zirconium, antimony, praseodymium, titanium, chromium, manganese, ferrum, cobalt, nickel, gallium, tin, terbium and any combination thereof.

Abstract: A method for converting carbon into a carbon oxide, comprises: contacting carbon with steam in presence of a carnegieite-like material of formula (Na2O)xNa[Al2Si2O8], wherein 0<x?1. Method and apparatus for hydrocarbon cracking are also described herein.

Abstract: A method for cracking hydrocarbon, comprises: providing steam and hydrocarbon; and feeding steam and hydrocarbon into a reactor accessible to hydrocarbon and comprising a perovskite material of formula AaBbCcDdO3-?, wherein 0<a<1.2, 0?b?1.2, 0.9<a+b?1.2, 0<c<1.2, 0?d?1.2, 0.9<c+d?1.2, ?0.5<?<0.