Abstract: Disclosed is a solar cell including a first electrode, a second electrode, and a first conversion layer disposed therebetween. The first electrode is closer to a light incident side than the second electrode. The first conversion layer is a composition-gradient perovskite. A part of the first conversion layer adjacent to the first electrode has an energy gap less than that of a part of the first conversion layer adjacent to the second electrode.

Abstract: Disclosed is a solar cell including a first electrode, a second electrode, and a first conversion layer disposed therebetween. The first electrode is closer to a light incident side than the second electrode. The first conversion layer is a composition-gradient perovskite. A part of the first conversion layer adjacent to the first electrode has an energy gap less than that of a part of the first conversion layer adjacent to the second electrode.

Abstract: Disclosed is a solar cell including a first electrode, a second electrode, and a first conversion layer disposed therebetween. The first electrode is closer to a light incident side than the second electrode. The first conversion layer is a composition-gradient perovskite. A part of the first conversion layer adjacent to the first electrode has an energy gap less than that of a part of the first conversion layer adjacent to the second electrode.

Abstract: A chemical bath deposition (CBD) apparatus includes a first cap, a second cap, and a solution input/output device. The second cap is arranged corresponding to the first cap so as to form a deposition space. The solution input/output device is located in the first cap so as to feed a solution into/out of the deposition space. The position of the solution input/output device is fixed, or the solution input/output device is movable in the deposition space.

Abstract: Disclosed is a solar cell including a first electrode, a second electrode, and a first conversion layer disposed therebetween. The first electrode is closer to a light incident side than the second electrode. The first conversion layer is a composition-gradient perovskite. A part of the first conversion layer adjacent to the first electrode has an energy gap less than that of a part of the first conversion layer adjacent to the second electrode.

Abstract: Organic dyes and photoelectric conversion devices are provided. The Organic dye has the structure represented by formula (I), wherein, n is an integral of 2-11; the plurality of X is independent and elected from the group consisting of and combinations thereof; R, R1, and R2 comprise hydrogen, halogen, C1-18 alkyl group, C1-18 alkoxy group, C3-18 heteroalkyl group, C3-20 aryl group, C3-20 heteroaryl group, C3-20 cycloaliphatic group or C3-20 cycloalkyl group, or R1 is connected to R2 to form a ring having 5-14 members; R3 comprise hydrogen, halogen, nitro group, amino group, C1-18 alkyl group, C1-18 alkoxy group, C1-18 sulfanyl group, C3-18 heteroalkyl group, C3-20 aryl group, C3-20 heteroaryl group, C3-20 cycloaliphatic group or C3-20 cycloalkyl group; and Z is hydrogen, alkali metal, or quaternary ammonium salt.

Abstract: A chemical bath deposition (CBD) apparatus includes a first cap, a second cap, and a solution input/output device. The second cap is arranged corresponding to the first cap so as to form a deposition space. The solution input/output device is located in the first cap so as to feed a solution into/out of the deposition space. The position of the solution input/output device is fixed, or the solution input/output device is movable in the deposition space.

Abstract: A fabricating method of a dye-sensitizing solar cell (DSSC) is provided. In the method, a working electrode and a counter electrode disposed opposite to each other is provided. The working electrode has a first patterned conductive line, and the counter electrode has a second patterned conductive line. A first gap control layer on at least an outer portion of one of the first and second patterned conductive lines is formed to surround the first and the second patterned conductive lines. Alternatively, the first gap control layer is symmetrically formed on one of the first and second patterned conductive lines. Then, a packaging material is formed on the first gap control layer. Next, the working electrode and the counter electrode are pressed to form a gap between the working electrode and the counter electrode. The packaging material is cured, and an electrolyte is filled into the gap.

Abstract: A photosensitizer dye is provided and it is a ruthenium-based complex represented by formula (1): wherein X1 is one of formulae (2) to (7) and X2 is hydrogen (H) or the same as X1.

Abstract: Organic dyes and photoelectric conversion devices are provided. The Organic dye has the structure represented by formula (I), wherein, n is an integral of 2-11; the plurality of X is independent and elected from the group consisting of and combinations thereof; R, R1, and R2 comprise hydrogen, halogen, C1-18 alkyl group, C1-18 alkoxy group, C3-18 heteroalkyl group, C3-20 aryl group, C3-20 heteroaryl group, C3-20 cycloaliphatic group or C3-20 cycloalkyl group, or R1 is connected to R2 to form a ring having 5-14 members; R3 comprise hydrogen, halogen, nitro group, amino group, C1-18 alkyl group, C1-18 alkoxy group, C1-18 sulfanyl group, C3-18 heteroalkyl group, C3-20 aryl group, C3-20 heteroaryl group, C3-20 cycloaliphatic group or C3-20 cycloalkyl group; and Z is hydrogen, alkali metal, or quaternary ammonium salt.

Abstract: A dye-sensitizing solar cell (DSSC) is provided. The DSSC includes a working electrode, a counter electrode disposed opposite to the working electrode, a first gap control layer disposed between the working electrode and the counter electrode, a packaging material, and an electrolyte. The working electrode has a first patterned conductive line. The counter electrode has a second patterned conductive line. The first gap control layer is located on at least an outer portion of one of the first and the second patterned conductive lines to surround at least the first and the second patterned conductive lines or is symmetrically located on one of the first and the second patterned conductive lines. The packaging material is disposed on the first gap control layer such that the working electrode, the counter electrode, the first gap control layer, and the packaging material form a gap. The electrolyte is disposed in the gap.

Abstract: A photosensitizer dye is provided and it is a ruthenium-based complex represented by formula (1): wherein X1 is one of formulae (2) to (7) and X2 is hydrogen (H) or the same as X1; and wherein Y1 is hydrogen, lithium (Li), sodium (Na) or a tetra-alkyl ammonium group represented by formula (8), and Y2 is hydrogen or the same as Y1.

Abstract: A rewritable phase change optical recording medium includes a substrate, a dielectric layer deposited on a surface of the substrate, and an optical recording layer deposited on the dielectric layer, wherein the dielectric layer may be omitted. The optical recording layer contains a composition of GexSb100-x-y-zMyEz, wherein 0.5?x?14.5; 0.5?y?14.5; 0?z?14.5; and M and E are different and are selected from the group consisting of Te, Cr, V, Ti, Ag, Sn, Si, Bi, Se, Al, Au, Ni, Fe, Cu, Mn, O, Ga, Cd, In, Pb and Hf, wherein M is not Te, when x is zero; and E is not Sn, when M is Te. The optical recording composition has a small crystal grain, a high ratio of reflectivity of the amorphous phase to that of the crystalline phase thereof, and a high crystallization rate, so that a blue light laser can be used to write/erase the recording medium.

Abstract: An embodiment of the invention provides a substrate. The substrate comprises a single crystal substrate. An epitaxial buffer film is on the single crystal substrate. An epitaxial ZnGa2O4 is on the epitaxial buffer film.

Abstract: An embodiment of the invention provides a substrate. The substrate comprises a single crystal substrate. An epitaxial buffer film is on the single crystal substrate. An epitaxial ZnGa2O4 is on the epitaxial buffer film.

Abstract: An embodiment of the invention provides a substrate. The substrate comprises a single crystal substrate. An epitaxial buffer film is on the single crystal substrate. An epitaxial ZnGa2O4 is on the epitaxial buffer film.

Abstract: A dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) comprising nanoparticles formed on a surface of a nanowire formed on a substrate and a method of fabricating the same is disclosed. The dye-sensitized solar cell comprises a first substrate. A nanowire is formed on the first substrate. A plurality of nanoparticles is then contacted with a surface of the nanowire. The dye-sensitized solar cell further comprises a dye adsorbed onto a surface of the nanoparticles. A second substrate is corresponded to the first substrate. Finally, an electrolyte is filled between the first substrate and the second substrate, and in contact with the dye and nanoparticles. The nanoparticles are bonded to the surface of nanowire to extend and increase surface contact with the dye for promoting cell efficiency (?) of the dye-sensitized solar cell.

Abstract: An ultra high-density recordable optical data recording media that which adds a near-field electromagnetic field enhancement layer between a substrate and a recording layer, by using the resonance enhancement effect produced between the near-field electromagnetic field enhancement layer and the recording layer to read very small recording marks (less than 100 nm) and increase the carrier to noise ratio and the recording density of the disks.

Abstract: A rewritable phase change optical recording medium includes a substrate, a dielectric layer deposited on a surface of the substrate, and an optical recording layer deposited on the dielectric layer, wherein the dielectric layer may be omitted. The optical recording layer contains a composition of GexSb100-x-y-zMyEz, wherein 0.5?x?14.5; 0.5?y?14.5; 0?z?14.5; and M and E are different and are selected from the group consisting of Te, Cr, V, Ti, Ag, Sn, Si, Bi, Se, Al, Au, Ni, Fe, Cu, Mn, O, Ga, Cd, In, Pb and Hf, wherein M is not Te, when x is zero; and E is not Sn, when M is Te. The optical recording composition has a small crystal grain, a high ratio of reflectivity of the amorphous phase to that of the crystalline phase thereof, and a high crystallization rate, so that a blue light laser can be used to write/erase the recording medium.

Abstract: A super-resolution recordable optical disk includes a substrate and forms sequentially on the substrate an under dielectric layer, a mask layer, an interface layer, an organic dye layer, an isolation layer, and a protection layer. A laser beam is projected into the organic dye layer through the substrate to record signals. And a super-resolution recordable optical disk for high numerical apertures also is provided that includes a substrate and forms sequentially on the substrate an organic dye layer, an interface layer, a mask layer an under dielectric layer, and a thin polycarbonate layer. A laser beam is projected into the organic dye layer through the thin polycarbonate layer to record signals.