Abstract: The invention relates to a beam analysis device (10) for determining the axial position of the focal point (71) of an energy beam or a sample beam (70) decoupled from an energy beam, comprising a beam-shaping device (12), a detector (40), and an analysis device (45). The beam-shaping device (12) is designed to release two sub-beams (72, 73) from the sample beam (70) on a plane of the sub-beam release process (19). The cross-sections of the two sub-beams (72, 73) are defined by sub-apertures (32, 33) which are delimited from each other and which are arranged at a distance k to each other in a first lateral direction (31). The beam-shaping device (12) is designed to image the two sub-beams (72, 73) in order to form two beam spots (92, 93) on the detector and deflect at least one of the two sub-beams (72, 73) in a second lateral direction (37) which is oriented transversely to the first lateral direction (31) in order to form a distance w in the second lateral direction (37) between the two beam spots (92, 93).

Abstract: A switching device for opening a current path of a direct-voltage network, which current path has source-side and load-side inductors, the switching device includes at least two switching modules, which are connected in series, each of the switching modules having at least one controllable semiconductor switching element, in parallel with which a series circuit of a resistor and a capacitor is connected. During operation of the switching device in order to open the current path, the controllable semiconductor switching element of at least one of the switching modules is switched into a conductive state with a duty cycle until the energy stored in the inductors has been dissipated, the duty cycle being dependent on the difference between the actual voltage and a target voltage across the semiconductor switching element, the target voltage being calculated at least from the system voltage of the direct-voltage network and the number of switching modules.

Abstract: Various embodiments of the teachings herein include a DC network comprising: an electrical conductor; a switching unit arranged at one end of the conductor to break the electrical connection via the conductor, the switching unit including a controllable power semiconductor connected in series in the current path of the conductor; wherein the conductor includes a first section and a second section starting from the switching unit with a connection point between the first section and the second section; a first overvoltage protection apparatus connected between the connecting point and a second pole of the DC network; and a second overvoltage protection apparatus connected between that end of the second section remote from the switching unit and the second pole. The overvoltage protection apparatuses each have a capacitor.

Abstract: Various embodiments of the teachings herein include a switching device for a DC voltage grid. The device may include: a first controllable semiconductor switch with a control contact and two load contacts; and a controller for the first switch using a control signal at the control contact. The controller is configured to: actuate the first switch using a control pulse that causes the electrical conductivity of the semiconductor switch to reduce for less than 1 ms; apply a current to a test circuit including the first switch; ascertain a first value representing the voltage or the change in voltage across the first switch as a result of the control pulse and the applied current; analyzing the first value; and generating a signal that represents the functionality of the first semiconductor switch.

Abstract: Various embodiments include a DC switch for disconnecting a DC line. The switch may include: a power semiconductor switch arranged in a current path of the DC line; a first sensor for measuring the input and output voltages; a second sensor for measuring the current flowing through the DC line; and a controller for the power semiconductor switch. The control device is configured to: switch on the DC switch for a first time period; determine the input voltage present; determine the output voltage present at the end of the first time period; determine the current intensity present at the end of the first time period; and determine an inductance and/or capacitance from the determined values.

Abstract: Various embodiments of the teachings herein include an electronic switch comprising: a semiconductor switch; and a series circuit. The series circuit is arranged parallel to the semiconductor switch and includes a first resistor, a capacitor, and a second resistor arranged in order R-C-R. The first resistor and the second resistor are arranged to create a bifilar resistor.

Abstract: An electronic switch is composed of two anti-serially connected turn-off semiconductor switches having at least four terminals and at least three terminals, respectively. A method for detecting a turn-off current through the electronic switch for a DC voltage grid includes measuring a first voltage between an emitter terminal and an auxiliary emitter terminal at the first switch, measuring a second voltage between a collector terminal and an emitter terminal or between a drain terminal and a source terminal at the second switch, comparing the first and second measured voltage or a time integral of the first and second measured voltage with a reference value, and turning off at least one of the two turn-off semiconductor switches when the reference value is exceeded. An electronic switch for performing the method and a DC voltage grid with such an electronic switch are also disclosed.

Abstract: Various embodiments include a DC switch for disconnecting a DC line. The switch may include: a power semiconductor switch arranged in a current path of the DC line; a first sensor for measuring the input and output voltages; a second sensor for measuring the current flowing through the DC line; and a controller for the power semiconductor switch. The control device is configured to: switch on the DC switch for a first time period; determine the input voltage present; determine the output voltage present at the end of the first time period; determine the current intensity present at the end of the first time period; and determine an inductance and/or capacitance from the determined values.

Abstract: A switching device for opening a current path of a direct-voltage network, which current path has source-side and load-side inductors, the switching device includes at least two switching modules, which are connected in series, each of the switching modules having at least one controllable semiconductor switching element, in parallel with which a series circuit of a resistor and a capacitor is connected. During operation of the switching device in order to open the current path, the controllable semiconductor switching element of at least one of the switching modules is switched into a conductive state with a duty cycle until the energy stored in the inductors has been dissipated, the duty cycle being dependent on the difference between the actual voltage and a target voltage across the semiconductor switching element, the target voltage being calculated at least from the system voltage of the direct-voltage network and the number of switching modules.

Abstract: An electronic switch is composed of two anti-serially connected turn-off semiconductor switches having at least four terminals and at least three terminals, respectively. A method for detecting a turn-off current through the electronic switch for a DC voltage grid includes measuring a first voltage between an emitter terminal and an auxiliary emitter terminal at the first switch, measuring a second voltage between a collector terminal and an emitter terminal or between a drain terminal and a source terminal at the second switch, comparing the first and second measured voltage or a time integral of the first and second measured voltage with a reference value, and turning off at least one of the two turn-off semiconductor switches when the reference value is exceeded. An electronic switch for performing the method and a DC voltage grid with such an electronic switch are also disclosed.

Abstract: An electronic switch includes a turn-off semiconductor switch, a capacitor, a varistor, with the capacitor and the varistor being arranged in a first series circuit which is arranged in parallel with the turn-off semiconductor switch, a switch, and a resistor, with the switch and the resistor being arranged in parallel with the turn-off semiconductor switch and with the first series circuit.

Abstract: Various embodiments include an inductor assembly for a converter comprising: a plurality of first conductors arranged on respective legs of a first magnetic core; a second magnetic core with one or more legs, the second core magnetically coupled to the first core via an air-gap and arranged to provide a path for common mode magnetic flux of the plurality of first conductors; and a respective second conductor corresponding to each of the plurality of first conductors. Each pair of first and second conductors is electrically connected in series. The second conductors are arranged on a single leg of the second core and positively coupled to each other.

Abstract: Various embodiments include an inductor assembly for a converter comprising: a plurality of first conductors arranged on respective legs of a first magnetic core; a second magnetic core with one or more legs, the second core magnetically coupled to the first core via an air-gap and arranged to provide a path for common mode magnetic flux of the plulrality of first conductors; and a respective second conductor corresponding to each of the plurality of first conductors. Each pair of first and second conductors is electrically connected in series. The second conductors are arranged on a single leg of the second core and positively coupled to each other.