Abstract: An acoustic wave resonator includes a resonating part disposed on and spaced apart from a substrate by a cavity, the resonating part including a membrane layer, a first electrode, a piezoelectric layer, and a second electrode that are sequentially stacked. 0 ???Mg?170 ? may be satisfied, ?Mg being a difference between a maximum thickness and a minimum thickness of the membrane layer disposed in the cavity.

Abstract: An acoustic wave resonator includes a resonating part disposed on and spaced apart from a substrate by a cavity, the resonating part including a membrane layer, a first electrode, a piezoelectric layer, and a second electrode that are sequentially stacked. 0 ???Mg?170 ? may be satisfied, ?Mg being a difference between a maximum thickness and a minimum thickness of the membrane layer disposed in the cavity.

Abstract: A bulk acoustic resonator includes: a substrate including an upper surface on which a substrate protection layer is disposed; and a membrane layer forming a cavity together with the substrate, wherein a thickness deviation of either one or both of the substrate protection layer and the membrane layer is 170 ? or less.

Abstract: A bulk-acoustic wave resonator includes: a membrane layer disposed on a substrate and forming a cavity; a lower electrode disposed on the membrane layer; a piezoelectric layer disposed on the lower electrode; an upper electrode disposed on the piezoelectric layer, and including a frame part disposed at an edge of an active area and having a thickness greater than that of a portion of the upper electrode disposed in a central portion of the active area; and a frequency adjusting layer disposed on the piezoelectric layer and the upper electrode. The frequency adjusting layer is excluded from an inclined surface of the frame part, or a thickness of a portion of the frequency adjusting layer on the inclined surface is less than that of other portions of the frequency adjusting layer. The frequency adjusting layer is disposed on a portion of the piezoelectric layer protruding from the upper electrode.

Abstract: A vehicle control system includes a processor programmed to control a vehicle subsystem according to a recovered signal generated from an output signal of a sensor, and a product of a time constant of the sensor and filtered changes of the output signal with respect to time such that a magnitude and phase of the recovered signal approach a magnitude and phase of an input signal to the sensor.

Abstract: A bulk acoustic wave resonator includes: a substrate; a first electrode disposed on the substrate; a piezoelectric layer at least partially disposed on the first electrode; and a second electrode disposed on the piezoelectric layer; wherein the first electrode includes an aluminum alloy layer containing scandium (Sc), and has a surface roughness of 2.4 nm or less, based on an arithmetic mean roughness.

Abstract: An electronic device according to various embodiments may include a first connector including at least one first pin and at least one second pin configured to be connected to an external electronic device; a second connector comprising at least one third pin and at least one fourth pin configured to be connected to a power supply; a switching circuit; and a processor electrically connected to the first connector, the second connector, and the switching circuit, wherein the processor is configured to determine a connection with the external electronic device or a connection with the power supply, and the processor is set to cause, when connected to the external electronic device via the first connector and connected to the power supply via the second connector, power received from the power supply via the at least one third pin to be supplied to the at least one first pin using the switching circuit.

Abstract: An acoustic wave resonator includes a resonating part disposed on and spaced apart from a substrate by a cavity, the resonating part including a membrane layer, a first electrode, a piezoelectric layer, and a second electrode that are sequentially stacked. 0 ???Mg?170 ? may be satisfied, ?Mg being a difference between a maximum thickness and a minimum thickness of the membrane layer disposed in the cavity.

Abstract: A bulk acoustic wave resonator device includes: a substrate; a lower electrode disposed on the substrate; a piezoelectric layer disposed over a portion of the lower electrode; an upper electrode disposed on the piezoelectric layer; and a shape control layer covering an edge of a cavity disposed between the substrate and the lower electrode, wherein tensile stress is applied to the shape control layer during formation of the shape control layer.

Abstract: A bulk acoustic wave resonator includes: a support part disposed on a substrate; a layer disposed on the support part, wherein an air cavity is formed between the support part, the substrate and the layer; and a frame extending along the layer, within the air cavity, and spaced apart from the support part.

Abstract: An acoustic resonator includes a substrate, and a resonant portion comprising a center portion in which a first electrode, a piezoelectric layer and a second electrode are sequentially laminated on the substrate, and an extending portion disposed along a periphery of the center portion, wherein the resonant portion is configured to have an asymmetrical polygonal plane, an insertion layer is disposed below the piezoelectric layer in the extending portion, and the piezoelectric layer is configured to have a top surface which is raised to conform to a shape of the insertion layer, and the insertion layer is configured to have an asymmetrical polygonal shape corresponding to a shape of the extending portion.

Abstract: A bulk acoustic wave resonator includes: a substrate; a lower electrode disposed on the substrate; a piezoelectric layer at least partially disposed on the lower electrode; and an upper electrode disposed on the piezoelectric layer, wherein either one or both of the lower electrode and the upper electrode includes a layer of aluminum alloy including scandium (Sc).

Abstract: A bulk-acoustic wave resonator comprises a substrate, a resonant portion comprising a first electrode, a piezoelectric layer, and a second electrode sequentially stacked on the substrate, and further comprising a center portion and an extension portion that is disposed along a periphery of the center portion, and an insertion layer that is disposed in the extension portion between the first electrode and the piezoelectric layer, and the insertion layer is formed of an aluminum alloy containing scandium (Sc).

Abstract: A bulk acoustic wave resonator includes a substrate, a seed layer disposed on the substrate, a first electrode disposed on the seed layer and including an aluminum alloy layer containing scandium (Sc), a piezoelectric layer disposed on the first electrode and including a layer having a cation (Al) polarity, and a second electrode disposed on the piezoelectric layer.

Abstract: A bulk acoustic resonator includes: a substrate including an upper surface on which a substrate protection layer is disposed; and a membrane layer forming a cavity together with the substrate, wherein a thickness deviation of either one or both of the substrate protection layer and the membrane layer is 170 ? or less.

Abstract: A bulk acoustic wave resonator includes: a support part disposed on a substrate; a layer disposed on the support part, wherein an air cavity is formed between the support part, the substrate and the layer; and a frame extending along the layer, within the air cavity, and spaced apart from the support part.

Abstract: A processor-implemented battery management method includes: estimating state information of a plurality of battery cells in a battery pack using a first battery state estimation model; determining whether state information of at least one of the plurality of battery cells is to be estimated using a second battery state estimation model; and estimating the state information of the at least one battery cell using the second model, in response to a result of the determining being that the state information of the at least one battery cell is to be estimated using the second model.

Abstract: An acoustic resonator package includes: a substrate; an acoustic resonator disposed on the substrate; a cap disposed on the substrate and the acoustic resonator; and a bonding portion bonding the substrate and the cap to each other, wherein the cap includes a trench formed around the bonding portion and a protective layer covering a surface of the trench in the cap, and wherein a portion of the bonding portion fills at least a portion of the trench.

Abstract: A bulk acoustic wave resonator includes: a substrate; a first electrode disposed on the substrate; a piezoelectric layer at least partially disposed on the first electrode; and a second electrode disposed on the piezoelectric layer; wherein the first electrode includes an aluminum alloy layer containing scandium (Sc), and has a surface roughness of 2.4 nm or less, based on an arithmetic mean roughness.

Abstract: A bulk-acoustic wave resonator includes: a first substrate formed of a first material; an insulating layer or a piezoelectric layer disposed on a first side of the first substrate; and a second substrate formed of a second material and disposed on a second side of the first substrate, wherein the second material has thermal conductivity that is higher than a thermal conductivity of the first material.