Abstract: A spectrometer includes a support having a bottom wall part and a side wall part surrounding a spectroscopic space, a cover arranged on an opening part formed by the side wall part and provided with a light transmitting part, a joining member arranged between the cover and the opening part, a light detection element supported by the side wall part between the spectroscopic space and the cover, and an optical function part provided on a surface of the bottom wall part. A vent is provided in at least one of the support, the cover, and the joining member. The vent is open to an outside and a space defined by the support, the cover, and the light detection element. The space communicates with the spectroscopic space.

Abstract: This automatic setting device for automatically setting control devices for a plurality of ship propulsion apparatuses for generating ship propulsion forces is provided with: an input operation setting unit that sets an input operation for a ship; a target behavior acquisition unit that acquires a target behavior of the ship corresponding to the input operation set by the input operation setting unit; a ship information acquisition unit that acquires ship information about the position and/or the bearing of the ship; an actual behavior calculation unit that calculates the actual behavior of the ship on the basis of the ship information acquired by the ship information acquisition unit; and a propulsion force setting unit that sets the magnitudes and the directions of the propulsion forces generated by the respective ship propulsion apparatuses on the basis of the actual behavior of the ship acquired by the actual behavior calculation unit and the target behavior of the ship acquired by the target behavior acq

Abstract: A control device for an outboard motor controls a plurality of outboard motors included in a ship. Each outboard motor includes a propulsion unit and a steering actuator. The ship includes an operation unit that operates the steering actuator and the propulsion unit. The operation unit can be positioned at a first position at which the outboard motors do not generate a propulsion force for the ship, a second position at which the outboard motors generate a propulsion force for moving the ship in a leftward-rightward direction, and a third position at which the outboard motors generate a propulsion force for moving the ship in an oblique direction that forms an acute angle with the leftward-rightward direction. A forward-backward direction component of a propulsion force in the oblique direction which is generated by the outboard motors.

Abstract: A watercraft of an automatic maneuvering system includes an actuator configured to generate a propulsive force and a turning moment, an operation unit, and a watercraft control device.

Abstract: A watercraft control system includes a watercraft and a communication device. The communication device includes a communication unit configured to transmit information indicating a location of the communication device to the watercraft. The watercraft includes a communication unit configured to receive the information indicating the location of the communication device and a difference calculation unit configured to calculate a difference between the location of the communication device and a location of the watercraft.

Abstract: This automatic ship handling system includes a ship and a communication device, the ship includes an actuator that has a function of generating a propulsion force for the ship and a function of generating a turning moment on the ship, an operation unit that receives an input operation for activating the actuator, and a ship control device that activates the actuator on the basis of at least the input operation received by the operation unit, the ship control device has a manual ship handling mode in which the actuator is activated on the basis of the input operation received by the operation unit, and an automatic ship handling mode in which the actuator is activated without a need for the operation unit to receive the input operation, and in the automatic ship handling mode, the ship control device controls a speed of the ship on the basis of a relative distance between the ship and the communication device.

Abstract: A ship propulsion device controller controls a plurality of ship propulsion devices disposed on a rear portion of a hull of a ship. The ship includes an operation unit configured to operate the ship propulsion devices. The operation unit is able to be positioned at a first position where the ship propulsion devices do not generate propulsion forces for the ship and a second position where the ship propulsion devices generate propulsion forces for moving the ship in a right direction, a right-forward direction, or a right-backward direction or a third position where the ship propulsion devices generate a propulsion force for moving the ship in a left direction, a left-forward direction, or a left-backward direction.

Abstract: This automatic setting device for automatically setting control devices for a plurality of ship propulsion apparatuses for generating ship propulsion forces is provided with: an input operation setting unit that sets an input operation for a ship; a target behavior acquisition unit that acquires a target behavior of the ship corresponding to the input operation set by the input operation setting unit; a ship information acquisition unit that acquires ship information about the position and/or the bearing of the ship; an actual behavior calculation unit that calculates the actual behavior of the ship on the basis of the ship information acquired by the ship information acquisition unit; and a propulsion force setting unit that sets the magnitudes and the directions of the propulsion forces generated by the respective ship propulsion apparatuses on the basis of the actual behavior of the ship acquired by the actual behavior calculation unit and the target behavior of the ship acquired by the target behavior acq

Abstract: A control device for an outboard motor controls a plurality of outboard motors included in a ship. Each outboard motor includes a propulsion unit and a steering actuator. The ship includes an operation unit that operates the steering actuator and the propulsion unit. The operation unit can be positioned at a first position at which the outboard motors do not generate a propulsion force for the ship, a second position at which the outboard motors generate a propulsion force for moving the ship in a leftward-rightward direction, and a third position at which the outboard motors generate a propulsion force for moving the ship in an oblique direction that forms an acute angle with the leftward-rightward direction.

Abstract: This outboard motor control device controls a plurality of outboard motors disposed on a rear portion of a hull of a boat. Each of the outboard motors includes a propulsion unit and a steering actuator. A boat includes an operation unit configured to operate the steering actuator and the propulsion unit. The operation unit is able to be positioned at a first position where the outboard motors do not generate a propulsion force of the boat and a second position where the outboard motors generate a propulsion force for moving the boat in a left-right direction. When the operation unit is moved from the first position to the second position and maintained at the second position, the outboard motors generate a first propulsion force during a first period from a first timing when the operation unit is moved to the second position to a second timing and subsequently generate a second propulsion force greater than the first propulsion force during a second period after the second timing.

Abstract: In an ammonia sensor (1), lead portions (7) and (9) are provided on an insulating substrate (5); a pair of comb-shaped electrodes (11) and (13) are connected to the lead portions (7) and (9), respectively; a sensitive layer (15) is provided on the comb-shaped electrodes (11) and (13); and a protective layer (17) is provided on the sensitive layer (15). Particularly, the sensitive layer (15) is formed of a gas-sensitive raw material predominantly containing ZrO2 and containing at least W in an amount of 2 to 40 wt. % as reduced to WO3.

Abstract: This invention provides a gas sensor including a proton-conductive polymer electrolyte layer and a method for measuring gas concentration, that are capable of measuring gas concentration at high accuracy notwithstanding the presence of water vapor.

Abstract: A hydrogen gas sensor capable of accurately measuring hydrogen concentration of a measurement gas atmosphere in the presence of a variety of interfering gasses such as H2O and CO. In the hydrogen gas sensor, the flow sectional area of a diffusion-rate limiting portion 6 is rendered small; the electrode surfaces of first and second electrodes 3 and 4 are rendered large; and/or a solution containing a polymer electrolyte which may be identical to that of a proton-conductive layer 2 is applied onto the surfaces of the first and second electrodes 3 and 4 to thereby form a layer containing the polymer electrolyte. Thus, the rate of conduction of protons from the first electrode 3 to the second electrode 4 becomes greater than the rate at which protons are derived from hydrogen which is introduced onto the first electrode 3 via the diffusion-rate limiting portion 6.

Abstract: A hydrogen sensor includes a first electrode 3 and a second electrode 4 provided in contact with a proton conduction layer 2; a gas diffusion controlling portion 6 provided between a measurement gas atmosphere and the first electrode 3; and a support element (1a, 1b) for supporting the proton conduction layer 6, the first electrode 3, the second electrode 4, and the gas diffusion controlling portion 6. Hydrogen contained in a measurement gas introduced via the gas diffusion controlling portion 6 is dissociated, decomposed, or reacted by applying a voltage between the first electrode 3 and the second electrode 4 to thereby generate protons. Hydrogen concentration is obtained on the basis of a limiting current generated as a result of the generated protons being pumped out via the proton conduction layer 2 from the first electrode 3 side of the proton conduction layer to the second electrode 4 side of the proton conduction layer.

Abstract: A detecting-element assembly (40) is configured such that a piezoelectric element (51) is housed in a casing body portion (43) of a casing (42), and is attached to a housing portion (22) of a flow path formation member (20) via a flange portion (41). Therefore, the path between the piezoelectric element (51) and the position of attachment of the detecting-element assembly (40) is elongated, whereby ultrasonic waves which leak into the interior of the detecting-element assembly (40) from the piezoelectric element (51) become unlikely to reflectively return from a joint. Thus, the influence of, for example, noise stemming from reflected waves is reduced, thereby enhancing the accuracy of detection. An average clearance of 1 millimeter or more is provided along the outer circumferential surface of the casing body portion (43) of the detecting-element assembly (40), whereby a problem of collected foreign matter is unlikely to occur.

Abstract: A gas sensor capable of reversibly and continuously measuring the concentration of a catalyst poison gas such as CO without specially needing recovering means such as a heater, and measuring the catalyst poison gas concentration without being affected by H2O concentration. The electrical circuit (15) of the gas sensor has an AC power supply (19) for applying an AC voltage between both electrodes (3), (5), an AC voltmeter (21) for measuring an AC voltage (AC effective voltage V) between the both electrodes (3), (5), and an AC ammeter (23) for measuring a current (AC effective current I) running between the both electrodes (3), (5). An impedance is determined from the AC effective voltage V and the AC effective current I generated when the AC voltage is applied to the both electrodes (3), (5).

Abstract: A method for detecting the concentration of a specific component in gas discharged from an internal combustion engine, which includes detecting the concentration of the specific component under certain driving conditions to determine a zero point, which indicates a zero concentration of the specific component, of the detection output; calibrating the detection output of the gas sensor based on the determined zero point; and detecting the concentration of the specific component in exhaust gas based on the calibrated detection output.

Abstract: An ultrasonic-wave propagation-time measuring method and gas concentration sensor are disclosed in which a reception wave which has been transmitted and received by an ultrasonic element 5 is subjected to full-wave rectification in order to obtain a full-wave-rectified wave, which is then integrated by an integration circuit 37 to obtain an integral value. A peak value of the integral value is held by a peak-hold circuit 39. As to detection of gas concentration, a threshold-level calculation section 21e sets a reference value on the basis of the peak value, and a point in time when the amplitude of a reception wave having undergone full-wave rectification is judged by a comparator 43 to have reached the reference value is regarded as an arrival time. Subsequently, a gas concentration is determined on the basis of a period between the emission time and the arrival time.

Abstract: A humidity sensor comprising an insulating substrate, a detection electrodes and a moisture-sensitive layer, wherein the moisture-sensitive layer is a porous layer and has a thickness not greater than 200 &mgr;m.

Abstract: A mass flow sensor includes a semiconductor substrate 1, an insulating thin film 2, heaters 311 and 312, temperature measurement resistors 321 and 322, and a protective layer 4. The heaters 311 and 312 are formed on the surface of the insulating thin film 2, and are provided adjacently such that the heater 311 is provided upstream the heater 312 and the heater 312 is provided downstream the heater 311. A cavity 5 is formed below the heaters 311 and 312, and the heaters are thermally insulated from the remaining portion of the semiconductor substrate. The temperature measurement resistors 321 and 322 are formed on the top surface of the insulating thin film 2, and are provided at opposite sides of the heaters 311 and 312, such that the resistors are aligned with respect to the flow passage of a fluid. In the mass flow sensor and the mass flowmeter including the sensor, the flow rate and flow direction of a fluid can be detected by means of merely the heaters 311 and 312, which are active elements.