Abstract: A lighting device includes an indoor lamp (11), being provided in the cabin of a railroad vehicle (1) in order to wholly irradiate the inside of the cabin over the longitudinal direction of the vehicle, a vehicle body power supply (20), supplying electric power to the indoor lamp (11), and a storage battery (30), being charged with a voltage applied by the vehicle body power supply (20). The indoor lamp (11) includes a general lamp light source (12) and a standby lamp light source (13), being lighted at an illuminance lower than that at which the general lamp light source (12) is lighted, and the general lamp source (12) being supplied with electric power from the vehicle body power supply (20) not through the storage battery (30), while the standby lamp light source (13) being supplied with electric power from the vehicle body power supply (20) through the storage battery (30).

Abstract: Provided is a power supply adjustment system including: an electronic load whose load voltage is variable; a power supply board that supplies the electronic load with current; and an information processing apparatus that controls the load voltage of the electronic load and the output current of the power supply board to the electronic load on the basis of a current value in the load voltage, in which the information processing apparatus includes a control unit that sets a plurality of load voltages in a predetermined range as the load voltage of the electronic load and sets a correction current value for adjusting the output current to a preset target current value for each of the plurality of load voltages.

Abstract: A lighting device includes an indoor lamp (11), being provided in the cabin of a railroad vehicle (1) in order to wholly irradiate the inside of the cabin over the longitudinal direction of the vehicle, a vehicle body power supply (20), supplying electric power to the indoor lamp (11), and a storage battery (30), being charged with a voltage applied by the vehicle body power supply (20). The indoor lamp (11) includes a general lamp light source (12) and a standby lamp light source (13), being lighted at an illuminance lower than that at which the general lamp light source (12) is lighted, and the general lamp source (12) being supplied with electric power from the vehicle body power supply (20) not through the storage battery (30), while the standby lamp light source (13) being supplied with electric power from the vehicle body power supply (20) through the storage battery (30).

Abstract: Provided is a power supply adjustment system including: an electronic load whose load voltage is variable; a power supply board that supplies the electronic load with current; and an information processing apparatus that controls the load voltage of the electronic load and the output current of the power supply board to the electronic load on the basis of a current value in the load voltage, in which the information processing apparatus includes a control unit that sets a plurality of load voltages in a predetermined range as the load voltage of the electronic load and sets a correction current value for adjusting the output current to a preset target current value for each of the plurality of load voltages.

Abstract: A power supply system (120) according to an embodiment of the present invention includes a first power supply device (121), a second power supply device (122), and an addition circuit (123). The first power supply device (121) includes a first driving circuit that outputs a first direct current from a first power supply input and a first control circuit that controls the first driving circuit. The second power supply device (122) includes a second driving circuit that outputs a second direct current from a second power supply input and a second control circuit that monitors the first driving circuit and controls the second driving circuit. The addition circuit (123) is connected to an output terminal of each of the first and second power supply devices (121, 122) and outputs a third direct current that is a value obtained by adding the first and second direct currents to a load device (on-board illumination device (110)).

Abstract: A power supply system (120) according to an embodiment of the present invention includes a first power supply device (121), a second power supply device (122), and an addition circuit (123). The first power supply device (121) includes a first driving circuit that outputs a first direct current from a first power supply input and a first control circuit that controls the first driving circuit. The second power supply device (122) includes a second driving circuit that outputs a second direct current from a second power supply input and a second control circuit that monitors the first driving circuit and controls the second driving circuit. The addition circuit (123) is connected to an output terminal of each of the first and second power supply devices (121, 122) and outputs a third direct current that is a value obtained by adding the first and second direct currents to a load device (on-board illumination device (110)).

Abstract: It is an object to provide a product sales promotion method that is extremely advantageous for acquiring a new product purchaser. This object is achieved by the product sales promotion method in which a storage means is caused to store a point in time when a purchaser fulfilled an entry requirement and an entry term to which each purchaser belongs is determined, each purchaser is assigned a serial number larger than a serial number assigned to an existing member belonging to an immediately preceding entry term, every time bonus granting time arrives, a member who maintains a bonus granting requirement is arranged such that the higher the serial number, the higher position the member is positioned at, and a value obtained by multiplying the number of subordinate persons viewed from each member by a unit bonus amount is calculated, and a bonus is granted to each member.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a semiconductor device having a process for cleaning a semiconductor substrate after the semiconductor substrate is etched for patterning includes a first process of preparing the semiconductor substrate having a first temperature, a second process of setting the semiconductor substrate at a second temperature, a third process of etching the semiconductor substrate having the second temperature by etching liquid having a third temperature, a fourth process of cleaning the semiconductor substrate to which the etching liquid is adhered, by ultrapure water having a fourth temperature, wherein the second temperature is set at the range between the first and the third temperatures.

Abstract: A semiconductor device manufacturing method includes: providing a laminated member in which at least a first GaAs layer, an InAlGaAs layer and a second GaAs layer are laminated on or above a substrate in this order; and etching the second GaAs layer using the InAlGaAs layer as an etching stopper layer. A ratio of In:Al of the InAlGaAs layer is in a range of approximately 4:6 to approximately 6:4 and a ratio of (In+Al):Ga of the InAlGaAs layer is in a range of approximately 1.5:8.5 to approximately 5:5.

Abstract: A semiconductor device manufacturing method includes: providing a laminated member in which at least a first GaAs layer, an InAlGaAs layer and a second GaAs layer are laminated on or above a substrate in this order; and etching the second GaAs layer using the InAlGaAs layer as an etching stopper layer. A ratio of In:Al of the InAlGaAs layer is in a range of approximately 4:6 to approximately 6:4 and a ratio of (In+Al):Ga of the InAlGaAs layer is in a range of approximately 1.5:8.5 to approximately 5:5.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a semiconductor device having a process for cleaning a semiconductor substrate after the semiconductor substrate is etched for patterning includes a first process of preparing the semiconductor substrate having a first temperature, a second process of setting the semiconductor substrate at a second temperature, a third process of etching the semiconductor substrate having the second temperature by etching liquid having a third temperature, a fourth process of cleaning the semiconductor substrate to which the etching liquid is adhered, by ultrapure water having a fourth temperature, wherein the second temperature is set at the range between the first and the third temperatures.

Abstract: An electroplating apparatus is made up of a cup having a plating solution therein, a plating solution controlling unit which overflows the plating solution from the cup, a holding unit which holds an object to be plated so as to contact to the overflowed plating solution, and a mesh shaped anode electrode provided in an internal portion of the cup, the mesh shaped anode electrode having a surface comprising a metal which are plated by the plating solution. Accordingly, the electroplating apparatus can get the plated film having a smooth surface.

Abstract: A carbon fiber-reinforced carbon composite material is disclosed which includes a matrix of carbon and unidirectionally oriented carbon fibers dispersed in the matrix, wherein the content of the carbon fibers is at least 50% based on the volume of the composite material, wherein the volume of pores having a pore diameter of 10 .mu.m or more is not greater than 5% of the total pore volume of the composite material, and wherein at least 90% of the total pore volume is the volume of open pores. The composite material is obtained by impregnating carbon fibers with a dispersion having a viscosity of 5-50 cP at 25.degree. C. and containing carbonaceous powder with an average particle diameter of smaller than 0.5 .mu.m in an organic solvent solution of a thermosetting resin. After unidirectionally aligning the carbon fibers, the impregnated fibers are molded and cured and then calcined.

Abstract: A process for manufacturing a carbon fiber or graphite fiber includes melt-spinning a carbonaceous pitch, infusibilizing the resulting pitch fiber, carbonizing, and when necessary graphitizing the fiber. A precursor of the carbonaceous pitch is centrifuged in a molten state to separate the precursor pitch simultaneously into a solids slurry layer, an optically isotropic phase, and an optically anisotropic phase, and the latter is utilized as the carbonaceous pitch.

Abstract: In a melt spinning operation, a heated wash gas such as nitrogen or nitrogen and air is blown across the melt spinning nozzles to remove volatiles thereby preventing wetting of the nozzle discharge. The wash gas is maintained at a temperature substantially equal to the melt spinning temperature. The preferred melt spinning material is petroleum pitch.

Abstract: In a process for producing an optically anisotropic carbonaceous pitch having a low softening point for the production of carbon material starting oil to be used is a tar-like substance which is a mixture of compounds not substantially containing chloroform insolubles but containing components having a boiling point of 540.degree. C. or more as principal components and consisting principally of carbon and hydrogen. The tar-like substance has a content of n-heptane insolubles of up to 1 wt % and contains an aromatic oil fraction and a resin fraction as the principal components of n-heptane soluble components. The aromatic carbon fraction, fa, is at least 0.7, the number-average molecular weight is up to 1,000 and the maximum molecular weight is up to 2,000 for each of the aromatic oil and resin fractions.

Abstract: In a process for producing an optically anisotropic carbonaceous pitch having a low softening point for the production of carbon material a starting oil to be used is a tar-like substance which is a mixture of compounds not substantially containing chloroform insolubles but containing components having a boiling point of 540.degree. C. or more as principal components and consisting principally of carbon and hydrogen. The tar-like substance has a content of n-heptane insolubles of up to 1 wt % and contains an aromatic oil fraction and a resin fraction as the principal components of n-heptane soluble components. The aromatic carbon fraction, fa, is at least 0.7, the number-average molecular weight is up to 1,000 and the maximum molecular weight is up to 2,000 for each of the aromatic oil and resin fractions.

Abstract: This invention describes a substantially homogeneous, optically anisotropic carbonaceous pitch characterized in that the major portion of said pitch consists of a continuous, optically anisotropic phase, said optically anisotropic phase contains spherules of an optically isotropic phase having diameters of not more than about 100 .mu.m and dispersed in said optically anisotropic phase, the content of said optically isotropic spherules is up to about 20% on the basis of said pitch as a whole, said pitch contains at least about 30 wt % (based on said pitch) of a quinoline-soluble component, and said pitch has a lower softening point.

Abstract: A composition for an optically anisotropic carbonaceous pitch suitable for the production of a carbon material having a high tensile strength and a high modulus of elasticity. The composition comprises about 2 to 20 percent by weight of a first, n-heptane-soluble component, about 15 to 45 percent by weight of an n-heptane-insoluble and benzene-soluble, second component and the balance of the composition including benzene-insoluble components. The composition has a volume ratio of an optically anisotropic phase of at least about 90% and a softening point of up to about 320.degree. C.

Abstract: A substantially uniform mesophase pitch is prepared by treating a mesophase forming pitch material at elevated temperatures above about 380.degree. C. to produce a mixture of mesophase and non-mesophase pitch containing about 20% to about 80% mesophase. The mixture is then maintained at a temperature below about 400.degree. C. for a time sufficient to allow the mesophase to coalesce and settle as a lower separable layer. A mesophase pitch so produced may contain from 90 to 100% mesophase with a softening point of less than 320.degree. C.