Abstract: Disclosed is a reaction vessel used for oxidizing and decomposing equipment suitable for processing with supercritical water, and methods of manufacturing the reaction vessel. The reaction vessel comprises an oxide film containing a platinum group metal oxide, for example having a fine crystalline structure, and a high corrosion resistance in both oxidizing and reducing atmosphere. The film is formed on a surface of the vessel by performing a pyrolysis reaction in an atmosphere containing water vapor. The oxide film is comprised of at least one platinum group metal oxide selected from Ir, Ru or Rh oxide, and a platinum group metal selected from Ti and Ta.

Abstract: Disclosed is a reaction vessel used for oxidizing and decomposing equipment suitable for processing with supercritical water, and methods of manufacturing the reaction vessel. The reaction vessel comprises an oxide film containing a platinum group metal oxide for example having a fine crystalline structure, and a high corrosion resistance in both oxidizing and reducing atmosphere. The film is formed on a surface of the vessel by performing a pyrolysis reaction in an atmosphere containing water vapor. The oxide film is comprised of at least one platinum group metal oxide selected from Ir, Ru or Rh oxide, and at least one oxide of a metal selected from Ti and Ta.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a retrofitted electrolytic cell and a method for retrofitting an electrolytic cell comprising an anode and a cathode compartment, a separator partitioning the compartments, said cathode compartment comprising a hydrogen evolving cathode. The method comprises making at least one substantially horizontal slit in the hydrogen evolving cathode resulting in plural cathode members, bending the edge of at least one cathode member at the slit away from the separator, arranging a gas diffusion electrode to the cathode members on the side facing the separator, and arranging an electrolyte layer to the gas diffusion electrode. The invention also relates to the use of a retrofitted electrolytic cell.

Abstract: Electrolysis is carried out while supplying an aqueous sodium chloride solution having a weak acidic property to the anode chamber of a water electrolytic cell. The electrolytic cell is partitioned with a cation-exchange membrane into an anode chamber and a cathode chamber. Furthermore, because the pH of the anolyte is sufficiently reduced due to the acid content and pH of the liquid supplied to the anode chamber from the start of electrolysis, which is different from a conventional electrolytic method, the electrolysis of the present invention may be carried out for a time needed to obtain a sufficiently high oxidation reduction potential. Thus, acid water almost the same as that obtained in a conventional method is obtained in the present invention by consuming about {fraction (1/10)} the electric power that is used in a conventional method.

Abstract: The invention relates to an electrolytic cell, and a method for manufacturing such cell. The cell comprises an anode and a cathode compartment, a separator partitioning the compartments, gas diffusion electrode members arranged to the separator with a space between adjacent electrode members in the vertical direction, and current collector members electrically connected to the electrode members. The current collector members comprise resilient means arranged to homogenise the contact between the electrode members, the current collector and the separator. The invention also relates to the use of the electrolytic cell for production of e.g. alkali metal hydroxide.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for preparing a conductive electrode comprising applying a precursor for electrocatalytic or protective coatings on a conductive electrode substrate, irradiating the conductive electrode substrate and the precursor with near infrared (NIR) radiation to form an electrocatalytic or protective coating on the electrode substrate.

Abstract: An electrode-membrane assembly comprising a pair of electrodes at least one of which is porous, and a thermoplastic resin membrane having a functional group capable of being modified to a free ion exchange group upon hydrolysis, which is interposed between the two electrodes and partly penetrates into the pores of the electrode. In this arrangement, the ion exchange membrane can be mechanically integrated to the anode and cathode to compensate for the insufficiency of mechanical strength of the ion exchange membrane. Thus, an electrode-membrane assembly which can be used in an industrial electrolytic cell or fuel cell is provided.

Abstract: An electrolytic apparatus which comprises effecting electrolysis of an electrolytic solution in an electrolytic chamber separated from a reaction chamber by a hydrogen-storing metal member with one surface of the hydrogen-storing metal member as a cathode opposing an anode so that hydrogen thus produced is adsorbed by the hydrogen-storing metal member while allowing hydrogen thus adsorbed and a material to be treated to undergo continuous catalytic reaction in the reaction chamber on the other surface of the hydrogen-storing metal member to cause hydrogenation or reduction reaction by hydrogen thus adsorbed, wherein an electrolytic apparatus having a porous catalyst layer provided on the catalytic reaction surface of the hydrogen-storing metal member is used.

Abstract: Disclosed is a reaction vessel used for oxidizing and decomposing equipment suitable for processing with supercritical water, and methods of manufacturing the reaction vessel. The reaction vessel comprises an oxide film containing a platinum group metal oxide, for example having a fine crystalline structure, and a high corrosion resistance in both oxidizing and reducing atmosphere. The film is formed on a surface of the vessel by performing a pyrolysis reaction in an atmosphere containing water vapor. The oxide film is comprised of at least one platinum group metal oxide selected from Ir, Ru or Rh oxide, and a platinum group metal selected from Ti and Ta.

Abstract: An electrolytic process which can operate in a hydrogen reaction chamber at a hydrogen reaction rate corresponding to the increase in the rate of production of hydrogen accompanying the increase in the electrolysis rate and maintain the current efficiency at a very high value with respect to the electrolytic current for producing hydrogen and a process for the production of an electrode for this purpose.

Abstract: An electrolytic cell for producing a brine containing hydrogen peroxide is disclosed. Units for hydrogen peroxide production 3 and units for water electrolysis 2 are alternately arranged in the same electrolytic cell 1. Electrolysis is conducted while supplying hydrogen gas and oxygen gas generating in the respective water electrolysis units to a gas diffusion anode 11 and a gas diffusion cathode 13 of each unit for hydrogen peroxide production, to thereby obtain a brine containing hydrogen peroxide in a high concentration. Furthermore, because the anode of the hydrogen peroxide production units is a hydrogen gas diffusion anode having a reduced oxidizing ability, halogen ions contained in the seawater do not yield harmful halogenated organic substances.

Abstract: An electrolytic cell for the production of acid water which performs simple operation to produce acid water without complicated control over the concentration of hydrochloric acid to be added or precipitation of alkaline earth metal salts, which are disadvantages of the prior art electrolysis for the production of acid water. An electrolytic cell for the production of acid water, which comprises a power supply for applying a voltage across an anode chamber and a cathode chamber partitioned by an ion-exchange membrane. The anode in the anode chamber is disposed in close contact with the ion-exchange membrane. The electrolytic cell further comprises means for supplying an aqueous solution of hydrochloric acid and water to the cathode chamber and the anode chamber, respectively. Hydrochloric acid is not directly added to the anode chamber but indirectly added to the anode chamber by diffusing through the ion-exchange membrane.

Abstract: A zero-gap type electrolytic cell 11 characterized as having a hydrophilic liquid-permeable material 16 interposed between an ion-exchange membrane 12 and a gas diffusion cathode 17. The reaction product passes through the liquid-permeable material and disperses toward edges of the liquid-permeable material before being withdrawn. Hence, the withdrawal direction for the target reaction product is not opposite the feed direction for the reactant gas.

Abstract: A seawater electrolysis apparatus for generating hydrogen peroxide from seawater by electrolysis to thereby treat the seawater. The seawater electrolysis apparatus comprises an electrolytic cell, a gas diffusion electrode partitioning the electrolytic cell into a gas chamber and an electrolysis chamber, an insoluble metal electrode disposed in the electrolysis chamber as an anode, an inlet and an outlet for passing seawater through the electrolysis chamber, an inlet for supplying an oxygen-containing gas to the gas chamber, and means for passing and diffusing at least part of the gas supplied to the gas chamber passing through the gas diffusion electrode and into the seawater, respectively.

Abstract: An electrolytic cell for producing an alkali hydroxide using a gas diffusion cathode. A moistened oxygen-containing gas is uniformly supplied to the surface of the gas diffusion cathode by means of a gas distributing mechanism, such as at least one gas diffuser pipe having a plurality of openings facing the cathode surface.

Abstract: An electrolytic electrode substrate comprises an electrically conductive substrate and, formed on the surface of the electrically conductive substrate, an oxide layer having a thickness of from 10 to 200 .mu.m, wherein the oxide in the oxide layer comprises a non-stoichiometric composition containing oxygen and at least one metal selected from the group consisting of titanium, tantalum, and niobium. An advantage of the electrode substrate is that it is stable when used in electrolytic processes involving a reversal of current flow. Further, the electrode substrate is stable in the presence of corrosive substances such as a fluorine.

Abstract: An electrolytic process and apparatus which can operate in a hydrogen reaction chamber at a hydrogen reaction rate corresponding to the increase in the rate of production of hydrogen accompanying the increase in the electrolysis rate and maintain the current efficiency at a very high value with respect to the electrolytic current for producing hydrogen and a process for the production of an electrode for this purpose.

Abstract: An on-site process and apparatus for producing hydrogen peroxide at a high efficiency substantially from brine and oxygen-containing gas alone as raw materials while removing alkaline earth metals. Sea water concentrated by an electrodialytic apparatus 2 or the like as a raw material is supplied to an impurity removing apparatus 10 where caustic soda produced in an acid-alkali producing apparatus 11 at a subsequent stage and/or carbon dioxide gas is added to remove alkaline earth metals contained in sea water in the form of a hydroxide or carbonate precipitate. Separately, the acid-alkali producing apparatus 11 performs a salt separating operation to produce caustic soda which is then supplied to a hydrogen peroxide generator 28 to produce an alkaline aqueous solution of hydrogen peroxide.

Abstract: An electrolytic cell for producing acidic water and alkaline water is disclosed. High-purity acidic water and high-purity alkaline water can be produced in a well balanced proportion from ultrapure water which is supplied in the minimum amount necessary for producing the desired acidic and alkaline waters using the minimum amount of electricity. The electrolytic cell includes an electrolytic acidic-water production unit 3 comprising an anode chamber 6 and an auxiliary cathode chamber 7 separated therefrom by a first ion-exchange membrane 5, and an electrolytic alkaline-water production unit 4 comprising a cathode chamber 10 and an auxiliary anode chamber 9 separated therefrom by a second ion-exchange membrane 8. Separately controllable power supplies are also provided for supplying power to each of the two units. The supply amount of pure water and the amount of electricity used can be fixed according to the desired amounts of acidic and alkaline waters.

Abstract: A method of electrolytically producing acid water using an electrolytic cell partitioned by a cation-exchange membrane into an anode chamber and a cathode chamber. Chloride ion which generates hypochlorous acid by anodic oxidation is supplied to the cathode chamber without directly supplying chloride ion to the anode chamber. Part of the chloride ion permeates from the cathode chamber into the anode chamber through the cation-exchange membrane. The chloride ion which permeates through the cation-exchange membrane is present at the surface of an anode closely adhering to the cation-exchange membrane in the anode chamber or only in the vicinity of the anode, and is efficiently anodically oxidized to form hypochlorite ion. Also disclosed is an electrolytic cell for carrying out the method of electrolytically producing acid water.