Abstract: A circuit board unit includes a first circuit board having a first ground layer, a second circuit board having a second ground layer and arranged so as to be opposed to the first circuit board, a connector unit having a first connector attached to the first circuit board, and a second connector attached to the second circuit board and coupled to the first connector, and a metal member arranged between the first circuit board and the second circuit board, and configured to electrically couple the first ground layer and the second ground layer to each other. The metal member is arranged so as to be adjacent to the connector unit.

Abstract: A gas sensor includes a sensor element, an inner protective cover including a first member and a second member, and an outer protective cover having outer inlets. The inner protective cover has a sensor element chamber inside. The outer protective cover and the inner protective cover form an inlet-side gas flow channel from an outside to the sensor element chamber. The inlet-side gas flow channel has a first flow channel extending in an upward direction from the outer inlets and a second flow channel extending in a downward direction. A ratio W2/W1 between a flow channel width W1 of the first flow channel and a flow channel width W2 of the second flow channel is less than one. A tip end portion of the outer protective cover has a tapered portion that reduces in diameter toward a bottom portion of the tip end portion.

Abstract: A gas sensor includes a sensor element, an inner protective cover having inside a sensor element chamber and having an element chamber inlet and an element chamber outlet, and an outer protective cover having an outer inlet and an outer outlet. On a side in a downward direction with respect to the element chamber inlet, a minimum distance between the inner protective cover and the sensor element is 2.64 mm or greater. When imaginary light parallel to an axial direction of the outer outlet is irradiated from an outside of the outer protective cover to the outer outlet, the imaginary light does not reach the sensor element chamber. A minimum flow channel width of an outlet-side gas flow channel that is formed as a space between the outer protective cover and the inner protective cover is 0.67 mm or greater and 2.60 mm or less.

Abstract: A gas sensor includes a sensor element, an inner protective cover having one or more element chamber inlets and including a first member and a second member, and an outer protective cover having one or more outer inlets. A first gas chamber between the outer protective cover and the inner protective cover has a first space and a second space. A cross-sectional area Cs that is a flow channel cross-sectional area in the second space when the measurement-object gas passes from an outside of the second member toward an inside of the second member just above the second member is greater than or equal to 14.0 mm2, and a cross-sectional area Ds that is a cross-sectional area perpendicular to a circumferential direction of the inner protective cover in the second space is greater than or equal to 0.5 mm2 and less than or equal to 6.4 mm2.

Abstract: A gas sensor includes a sensor element, an inner protective cover having inside a sensor element chamber and having an element chamber inlet and an element chamber outlet, and an outer protective cover having an outer inlet and an outer outlet. A total cross-sectional area A [mm2] of the outer inlet, a total cross-sectional area B [mm2] of the element chamber inlet, a total cross-sectional area C [mm2] of the element chamber outlet, and a total cross-sectional area D [mm2] of the outer outlet satisfy B>A>C>D, a cross-sectional area ratio A/D is greater than a value of 2.0 and less than or equal to a value of 5.0, and A×B×C×D is greater than or equal to a value of 3000 and less than or equal to a value of 8500.

Abstract: A gas sensor includes a sensor element, an inner protective cover having inside a sensor element chamber and having an element chamber inlet and an element chamber outlet, and an outer protective cover having an outer inlet and an outer outlet. On a side in a downward direction with respect to the element chamber inlet, a minimum distance between the inner protective cover and the sensor element is 2.64 mm or greater. When imaginary light parallel to an axial direction of the outer outlet is irradiated from an outside of the outer protective cover to the outer outlet, the imaginary light does not reach the sensor element chamber. A minimum flow channel width of an outlet-side gas flow channel that is formed as a space between the outer protective cover and the inner protective cover is 0.67 mm or greater and 2.60 mm or less.

Abstract: A gas sensor includes a sensor element, an inner protective cover having one or more element chamber inlets and including a first member and a second member, and an outer protective cover having one or more outer inlets. A first gas chamber between the outer protective cover and the inner protective cover has a first space and a second space. A cross-sectional area Cs that is a flow channel cross-sectional area in the second space when the measurement-object gas passes from an outside of the second member toward an inside of the second member just above the second member is greater than or equal to 14.0 mm2, and a cross-sectional area Ds that is a cross-sectional area perpendicular to a circumferential direction of the inner protective cover in the second space is greater than or equal to 0.5 mm2 and less than or equal to 6.4 mm2.

Abstract: A gas sensor includes a sensor element, an inner protective cover including a first member and a second member, and an outer protective cover having outer inlets. The inner protective cover has a sensor element chamber inside. The outer protective cover and the inner protective cover form an inlet-side gas flow channel from an outside to the sensor element chamber. The inlet-side gas flow channel has a first flow channel extending in an upward direction from the outer inlets and a second flow channel extending in a downward direction. A ratio W2/W1 between a flow channel width W1 of the first flow channel and a flow channel width W2 of the second flow channel is less than one. A tip end portion of the outer protective cover has a tapered portion that reduces in diameter toward a bottom portion of the tip end portion.

Abstract: A gas sensor includes a sensor element, an inner protective cover having inside a sensor element chamber and having an element chamber inlet and an element chamber outlet, and an outer protective cover having an outer inlet and an outer outlet. A total cross-sectional area A [mm2] of the outer inlet, a total cross-sectional area B [mm2] of the element chamber inlet, a total cross-sectional area C [mm2] of the element chamber outlet, and a total cross-sectional area D [mm2] of the outer outlet satisfy B>A>C>D, a cross-sectional area ratio A/D is greater than a value of 2.0 and less than or equal to a value of 5.0, and A×B×C×D is greater than or equal to a value of 3000 and less than or equal to a value of 8500.

Abstract: To reduce a width of a modified layer and suppress positional variation of the modified layer, a crystal orientation of a workpiece is measured, a vertical direction with respect to an A-plane of the measured crystal orientation of the workpiece is specified, and a polarization direction of laser light is adjusted so that scanning of laser light is performed along the specified vertical direction with respect to the A-plane of the crystal orientation of the workpiece.

Abstract: Provided is a gas sensor free from an unbonded space being in communication with an internal space. A gas sensor, which includes a sensor element including a plurality of layers that are bonded and formed of an oxygen-ion conductive solid electrolyte and which reduces a predetermined gas component of a measurement gas to identify a concentration of the gas component on the basis of a current flowing through the solid electrolyte, includes an internal space in which a measurement gas having the ability to reduce the gas component is provided. Of the plurality of layers, an interlaminar bonding layer, which bonds a layer forming a bottom surface of the internal space and a layer forming a side surface of the internal space, projects into the internal space.

Abstract: A NOx sensor 100 is produced by forming a stack with a ceramics paste including ceramic particles, a resin, a solvent, and one or more additives selected from additives of a first group having a first structure containing one or more selected from ether structures, urethane structures, hydroxy group-containing structures, ester structures, and acrylic structures and additives of a second group having any one or more structures of the additives of the first group and a second structure containing one or more selected from imidazoline structures, ethylenediamine structures, and amine structures. The ceramics paste contains any one of the additives of the first group and the second group and thus has an appropriate affinity for a cutting edge at the time of cutting a laminated body before the firing of the NOx sensor 100.

Abstract: Provided is a gas sensor free from an unbonded space being in communication with an internal space. A gas sensor, which includes a sensor element including a plurality of layers that are bonded and formed of an oxygen-ion conductive solid electrolyte and which reduces a predetermined gas component of a measurement gas to identify a concentration of the gas component on the basis of a current flowing through the solid electrolyte, includes an internal space in which a measurement gas having the ability to reduce the gas component is provided. Of the plurality of layers, an interlaminar bonding layer, which bonds a layer forming a bottom surface of the internal space and a layer forming a side surface of the internal space, projects into the internal space.

Abstract: A heat dissipating device includes an outer heat conducting unit, disposed with outer heat conducting plates, and an inner heat conducting unit. The outer heat conducting unit includes an outer surrounding wall having inner and outer wall surfaces. The inner wall surface defines a space. The outer surrounding wall further has an opening sealed by a cover. The inner heat conducting unit is formed as a separate component from the outer heat conducting unit, is received in the space, and is in thermal contact with the inner wall surface of the outer surrounding wall.

Abstract: A heat dissipating device includes a heat conducting member and a coolant storing unit. The heat conducting member includes a surrounding wall that defines an internal space and that is adapted to be placed in contact with a heat source, and a plurality of heat conducting plates that are spacedly disposed in the internal space, that are connected to the surrounding wall, and that cooperate with the surrounding wall to define a plurality of flow channels. The coolant storing unit stores a coolant and is in fluid connection with the heat conducting member. The flow channels extend upwardly, and the coolant flows along the flow channels when the heat of the heat source is transmitted to the coolant.

Abstract: A NOx sensor 100 is produced by forming a stack with a ceramics paste including ceramic particles, a resin, a solvent, and one or more additives selected from additives of a first group having a first structure containing one or more selected from ether structures, urethane structures, hydroxy group-containing structures, ester structures, and acrylic structures and additives of a second group having any one or more structures of the additives of the first group and a second structure containing one or more selected from imidazoline structures, ethylenediamine structures, and amine structures. The ceramics paste contains any one of the additives of the first group and the second group and thus has an appropriate affinity for a cutting edge at the time of cutting a laminated body before the firing of the NOx sensor 100.

Abstract: In a focus optical system for optical discs or optical disc master exposure apparatuses, a relative positional relation between a cylindrical lens and a 4-division detector in an astigmatic optical system is adjust so that an interference fringe appearing in reflected light derived from an optical disc master is made to be incident on a dead zone of the 4-division detector. Thus, an astigmatic focus servo free from effects of variations in a focus error signal due to the interference fringe is realized. As a result of this, effects of the interference fringe appearing in the reflected light derived from an optical disc or optical disc master can be suppressed.

Abstract: In a focus optical system for optical discs or optical disc master exposure apparatuses, a relative positional relation between a cylindrical lens and a 4-division detector in an astigmatic optical system is adjust so that an interference fringe appearing in reflected light derived from an optical disc master is made to be incident on a dead zone of the 4-division detector. Thus, an astigmatic focus servo free from effects of variations in a focus error signal due to the interference fringe is realized. As a result of this, effects of the interference fringe appearing in the reflected light derived from an optical disc or optical disc master can be suppressed.

Abstract: A method for restricting a user's use of a file recorded on a client according to predetermined conditions, even if the use of the file has been authenticated previously in accordance with a policy, is provided. A method in accordance with an embodiment of the invention includes: a determination step of determining based on a policy recorded on the server whether a user of the client has a right to use the file; a recording step of changing a recording location of the file to a new recording location hidden from the user of the client and recording the file in the new recording location, in response to the determination that the user of the client has the right to use the file; and a deleting step of deleting the file from the new recording location in response to a disconnection of the client from the network.