Abstract: A welding method includes: arranging end portions of a first member and a second member next to each other facing an end surface of the end portions towards a laser device; performing rotational irradiation to the end surface of the end portions of the first member and the second member with laser light at a predetermined rotating diameter, wherein a spot diameter of the laser light is set to be equal to or larger than the rotating diameter, and wherein an irradiation region of the laser light by the rotational irradiation is set to extend over the first member and the second member.

Abstract: The present invention is an aqueous solution which contains two types of methyl celluloses, polyethylene glycol, polyvinylpyrrolidone, and citric acid or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. The composition of the present invention maintains a low viscosity around room temperature, but the composition is suddenly increased in the viscosity due to heat around the body temperature and has thixotropy even after gelation.

Abstract: The present invention is an aqueous solution which contains two types of methyl celluloses, polyethylene glycol, polyvinylpyrrolidone, and citric acid or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. The composition of the present invention maintains a low viscosity around room temperature, but the composition is suddenly increased in the viscosity due to heat around the body temperature and has thixotropy even after gelation.

Abstract: The present invention is an aqueous solution which contains two types of methyl celluloses, polyethylene glycol, polyvinylpyrrolidone, and citric acid or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. The composition of the present invention maintains a low viscosity around room temperature, but the composition is suddenly increased in the viscosity due to heat around the body temperature and has thixotropy even after gelation.

Abstract: The present invention is an aqueous solution which contains two types of methyl celluloses, polyethylene glycol, polyvinylpyrrolidone, and citric acid or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. The composition of the present invention maintains a low viscosity around room temperature, but the composition is suddenly increased in the viscosity due to heat around the body temperature and has thixotropy even after gelation.

Abstract: A brake system includes a brake activator which first activates a central rear brake and lastly activates a front brake of a right front brake and a left front brake which is provided on a front wheel which is an inner wheel by operating an input member. When an operation amount of the input member from an initial state to a maximum operated state thereof is divided equally into three portions which are defined as a low braking force area, a middle braking force area, and a high braking force area, the brake activator activates the central rear brake, the right front brake, and the left front brake to operate in the low braking force area.

Abstract: A brake system includes a brake activator which controls, when a slipping condition is detected at a central rear wheel based on a signal detected by a central rear detector, the operating condition of a central rear brake based on the signal detected by the central rear detector so as to reduce a braking force on the central rear wheel lower than a braking force which is obtained as a result of operation of an input member. In this state, when an operation quantity of the input member increases as a result of operation of the input member, changing the operating conditions of both a right front brake and a left front brake, the brake activator increases the braking forces in both a right front wheel and a left front wheel according to an operation quantity of the input member.

Abstract: A brake system does not change immediately an operating condition of a left front brake although a slipping condition is detected at the left front wheel based on a signal detected by a left detector in such a state that a slipping condition is not detected at a right front wheel based on a signal detected by a right detector, and does not change immediately an operating condition of a right front brake although a slipping condition is detected at the right front wheel based on a signal detected by the right detector in such a state a slipping condition is not detected at the left front wheel based on a signal detected by the left detector.

Abstract: A brake system includes a brake activator which reduces, when a slipping condition of a right front wheel is detected based on a signal which is detected by a right detector, both braking forces on the right front wheel and a left front wheel to a lower level than a level of a braking force which is obtained as a result of operation of an input member and which reduces, when a slipping condition of the left front wheel is detected based on a signal which is detected by a left detector, both braking forces on the left front wheel and the right front wheel to a lower level than a level of a braking force which is obtained as a result of operation of the input member.

Abstract: A brake system includes a brake activator which first activates a central rear brake and lastly activates a front brake of a right front brake and a left front brake which is provided on a front wheel which is an inner wheel by operating an input member. When an operation amount of the input member from an initial state to a maximum operated state thereof is divided equally into three portions which are defined as a low braking force area, a middle braking force area, and a high braking force area, the brake activator activates the central rear brake, the right front brake, and the left front brake to operate in the low braking force area.

Abstract: A brake system does not change immediately an operating condition of a left front brake although a slipping condition is detected at the left front wheel based on a signal detected by a left detector in such a state that a slipping condition is not detected at a right front wheel based on a signal detected by a right detector, and does not change immediately an operating condition of a right front brake although a slipping condition is detected at the right front wheel based on a signal detected by the right detector in such a state a slipping condition is not detected at the left front wheel based on a signal detected by the left detector.

Abstract: A brake system includes a brake activator which reduces, when a slipping condition of a right front wheel is detected based on a signal which is detected by a right detector, both braking forces on the right front wheel and a left front wheel to a lower level than a level of a braking force which is obtained as a result of operation of an input member and which reduces, when a slipping condition of the left front wheel is detected based on a signal which is detected by a left detector, both braking forces on the left front wheel and the right front wheel to a lower level than a level of a braking force which is obtained as a result of operation of the input member.

Abstract: A brake system includes a brake activator which controls, when a slipping condition is detected at a central rear wheel based on a signal detected by a central rear detector, the operating condition of a central rear brake based on the signal detected by the central rear detector so as to reduce a braking force on the central rear wheel lower than a braking force which is obtained as a result of operation of an input member. In this state, when an operation quantity of the input member increases as a result of operation of the input member, changing the operating conditions of both a right front brake and a left front brake, the brake activator increases the braking forces in both a right front wheel and a left front wheel according to an operation quantity of the input member.

Abstract: An improved structure of a protective cover assembly of a gas sensor is provided. The protective cover assembly is of a double-walled structure made up of an inner and an outer cylindrical cover with gas holes. A sensing element is disposed within the inner cover. At least one of the gas holes of the outer cover partially faces a side wall of the inner cover. A top end surface of the inner cover lies within a range defined between opposed portions of a perimeter of the at least one of the gas holes of the outer cover closest to a top and a base end of the cover assembly, respectively. This structure works to avoid breakage of the sensing element arising from wetting with water and to improve a response rate of the gas sensor.

Abstract: An object of the present invention is to provide an electric disc brake apparatus having a simple constitution in which the operating condition of a parking brake can be reliably detected. A controller detects the operating condition (steps S25, S26) of a solenoid for driving a parking brake locking mechanism (holding mechanism) by means of a motor current (step S24). As a result, a state in which thrust generated by the motor (first electric actuator) is maintained by the parking brake locking mechanism, and accordingly the operative and inoperative states of the parking brake can be understood easily. Further, detection of the motor current is performed using a current sensor that is also used to realize a function of the motor (a function for moving brake pads toward a disc rotor), and hence separate current detection means need not be provided.

Abstract: An object of the present invention is to provide an electric disc brake apparatus having a simple constitution in which the operating condition of a parking brake can be reliably detected. A controller detects the operating condition (steps S25, S26) of a solenoid for driving a parking brake locking mechanism (holding mechanism) by means of a motor current (step S24). As a result, a state in which thrust generated by the motor (first electric actuator) is maintained by the parking brake locking mechanism, and accordingly the operative and inoperative states of the parking brake can be understood easily. Further, detection of the motor current is performed using a current sensor that is also used to realize a function of the motor (a function for moving brake pads toward a disc rotor), and hence separate current detection means need not be provided.

Abstract: An improved structure of a protective cover assembly of a gas sensor is provided. The protective cover assembly is of a double-walled structure made up of an inner and an outer cylindrical cover with gas holes. A sensing element is disposed within the inner cover. At least one of the gas holes of the outer cover partially faces a side wall of the inner cover. A top end surface of the inner cover lies within a range defined between opposed portions of a perimeter of the at least one of the gas holes of the outer cover closest to a top and a base end of the cover assembly, respectively. This structure works to avoid breakage of the sensing element arising from wetting with water and to improve a response rate of the gas sensor.

Abstract: A semiconductor integrated circuit includes a semiconductor chip body, a plurality of input/output cells arranged on a surface of the semiconductor chip body at parts including a peripheral part and a central part the semiconductor chip body, and at least an internal logic circuit provided on the semiconductor chip body. Each of the input/output cells include a pad and a holding circuit coupled to the pad for holding incoming data. A plurality of holding circuits are coupled in series in a test mode to form a scan path circuit. The input/output cell which has the pad for receiving an external test signal in a test mode is arranged at the peripheral part of the semiconductor chip body, and the test data held in the holding circuit of the input/output cell which is arranged at a part other than the peripheral part of the semiconductor chip body is transferred to the internal logic circuit in the test mode.

Abstract: A semiconductor integrated circuit includes a semiconductor chip body, a plurality of input/output cells arranged on a surface of the semiconductor chip body at parts including a peripheral part and a central part the semiconductor chip body, and at least an internal logic circuit provided on the semiconductor chip body. Each of the input/output cells include a pad and a holding circuit coupled to the pad for holding incoming data. A plurality of holding circuits are coupled in series in a test mode to form a scan path circuit. The input/output cell which has the pad for receiving an external test signal in a test mode is arranged at the peripheral part of the semiconductor chip body, and the test data held in the holding circuit of the input/output cell which is arranged at a part other than the peripheral part of the semiconductor chip body is transferred to the internal logic circuit in the test mode.

Abstract: A semiconductor integrated circuit includes a chip (10a), a core area (12) on the chip in which tester circuits (14) are placed, and an I/O area (13) on the chip. The I/O area is provided at the periphery of the core area, and in the I/O area a plurality of tester circuits (17) are placed for testing the functions of respectively testee circuits in, respectively core area. The I/O area is provided with test control circuits (15) for supplying a control signal (C2) and a clock signal (C3), for testing said tester circuits, to the test circuits and testee circuits, on the basis of an external control signal supplied from outside.