Abstract: An optical scanning device includes: a first waveguide that propagates light by total reflection; and a second waveguide. The second waveguide includes: a first multilayer reflective film; a second multilayer reflective film that faces the first multilayer reflective film; and a first optical waveguide layer directly connected to the first waveguide and located between the first and second multilayer reflective films. The first optical waveguide layer has a variable thickness and/or a variable refractive index and propagates the light transmitted through the first waveguide. The first multilayer reflective film has a higher light transmittance than the second multilayer reflective film and allows part of the light propagating through the first optical waveguide layer to be emitted to the outside. By changing the thickness of the first optical waveguide layer and/or its refractive index, the direction of the part of the light emitted from the second waveguide is changed.

Abstract: A light detecting device is provided with: a filter array including filters arranged two-dimensionally, each of the filters having a light-incident surface and a light-emitting surface, the filters including multiple types of filters having mutually different transmission spectra; and an image sensor having a light-detecting surface facing the light-emitting surface, the image sensor being provided with light-detecting elements arranged two-dimensionally on the light-detecting surface, wherein the distance between the light-emitting surface and the light-detecting surface is different for each of the filters.

Abstract: An optical device includes an intermetallic compound of a first metal and a second metal having a lower work function than the first metal, or a solid-solution alloy of the first metal and the second metal and includes an n-type semiconductor in Schottky junction with the intermetallic compound or the solid-solution alloy.

Abstract: An optical scanning device includes: first and second mirrors; an optical waveguide layer disposed between the first and second mirrors; a pair of electrodes sandwiching the optical waveguide layer; and a driving circuit that applies a voltage to the pair of electrodes. The first mirror emits part of light propagating through the optical waveguide layer to the outside. The optical waveguide layer contains a liquid crystal material or an electrooptical material. The alignment direction of the liquid crystal material or the direction of a polarization axis of the electrooptical material is parallel or perpendicular to the direction in which the optical waveguide layer extends. The driving circuit applies the voltage to the pair of electrodes to change the refractive index of the liquid crystal material or the electrooptical material to thereby change the light emission direction.

Abstract: An optical device includes a first substrate, a second substrate, a plurality of separation walls, one or more optical waveguides, and one or more spacers. The first substrate has a surface which extends in a first direction and a second direction intersecting the first direction. The second substrate faces the first substrate. The plurality of separation walls are positioned between the first substrate and the second substrate and extend in the first direction. The one or more optical waveguides are positioned between the first substrate and the second substrate and include one or more dielectric members which are positioned between the plurality of separation walls and which extend in the first direction. The one or more spacers are directly or indirectly sandwiched between the first substrate and the second substrate and positioned around the one or more optical waveguides.

Abstract: An optical scanning device includes: a first mirror; a second mirror opposed to the first mirror; two non-waveguide regions sandwiched between the first mirror and the second mirror; an optical waveguide region disposed between the two non-waveguide regions; and two intermediate regions. The average refractive index of the optical waveguide region is higher than the average refractive index of each intermediate region. The average refractive index of each intermediate region is higher than the average refractive index of each non-waveguide region. The first mirror allows part of light propagating through the optical waveguide region to be emitted as emission light in a third direction. By changing the refractive index and/or thickness of the optical waveguide region, the third direction, which is the emission direction of the emission light, is changed.

Abstract: An optical scanning device includes: a first waveguide that propagates light by total reflection; and a second waveguide. The second waveguide includes: a first multilayer reflective film; a second multilayer reflective film that faces the first multilayer reflective film; and a first optical waveguide layer directly connected to the first waveguide and located between the first and second multilayer reflective films. The first optical waveguide layer has a variable thickness and/or a variable refractive index and propagates the light transmitted through the first waveguide. The first multilayer reflective film has a higher light transmittance than the second multilayer reflective film and allows part of the light propagating through the first optical waveguide layer to be emitted to the outside. By changing the thickness of the first optical waveguide layer and/or its refractive index, the direction of the part of the light emitted from the second waveguide is changed.

Abstract: A method for processing image data according to an aspect of the present disclosure includes obtaining first image data indicating a hyperspectral image of a target captured in first background light, generating, on a basis of the first image data, first spectral data indicating an estimated spectrum of the first background light, and generating, from the first image data, at least one piece of second image data indicating at least one image of the target in at least one type of second background light, which is different from the first background light, using at least one piece of second spectral data indicating at least one spectrum of the at least one type of second background light and the first spectral data.

Abstract: An optical device includes a first waveguide that propagates light in a first direction; and a second waveguide including a first mirror, a second mirror, and an optical waveguide layer. The first mirror extends in the first direction and has a first reflecting surface, and the second mirror extends in the first direction and has a second reflecting surface. The optical waveguide layer is located between the first and second mirrors and propagates the light in the first direction. A forward end portion of the first waveguide is disposed inside the optical waveguide layer. In a region in which the first and second waveguides overlap each other when viewed in a direction perpendicular to the first reflecting surface, at least part of the first waveguide and/or at least part of the second waveguide includes at least one grating whose refractive index varies periodically in the first direction.

Abstract: An optical scanning device includes: a first waveguide that propagates light by total reflection; and a second waveguide. The second waveguide includes: a first multilayer reflective film; a second multilayer reflective film that faces the first multilayer reflective film; and a first optical waveguide layer directly connected to the first waveguide and located between the first and second multilayer reflective films. The first optical waveguide layer has a variable thickness and/or a variable refractive index and propagates the light transmitted through the first waveguide. The first multilayer reflective film has a higher light transmittance than the second multilayer reflective film and allows part of the light propagating through the first optical waveguide layer to be emitted to the outside. By changing the thickness of the first optical waveguide layer and/or its refractive index, the direction of the part of the light emitted from the second waveguide is changed.

Abstract: An optical device includes: a waveguide array including a plurality of waveguides; and a pulse generator. The waveguides are arranged in a first direction and extend in a second direction intersecting the first direction. The pulse generator inputs, as an input light beam, a light pulse of light to each of the waveguides. The light has a frequency spectrum in air with a maximum peak at a frequency corresponding to a wavelength ?, and the full width at half maximum of the maximum peak is ??. The waveguides propagate the input light beams in the second direction and emit part of the input light beams as emission light. The pulse generator adjusts the difference in phase between input light beams to be inputted to two adjacent waveguides of the plurality of waveguides to thereby change a first direction component of an emission direction of the emission light.

Abstract: An optical device includes a first mirror, a second mirror facing the first mirror, an optical waveguide layer, located between the first mirror and the second mirror, that contains a material whose refractive index changes when a voltage is applied, first and second electrodes directly or indirectly holding the optical waveguide layer therebetween, the first electrode including a plurality of electrode sections arranged in a first direction, and a control circuit. The light is emitted via the first mirror from the optical waveguide layer, or the light is taken into the optical waveguide layer via the first mirror.

Abstract: An optical device includes a first substrate, a second substrate, a plurality of separation walls, one or more optical waveguides, and one or more spacers. The first substrate has a surface which extends in a first direction and a second direction intersecting the first direction. The second substrate faces the first substrate. The plurality of separation walls are positioned between the first substrate and the second substrate and extend in the first direction. The one or more optical waveguides are positioned between the first substrate and the second substrate and include one or more dielectric members which are positioned between the plurality of separation walls and which extend in the first direction. The one or more spacers are directly or indirectly sandwiched between the first substrate and the second substrate and positioned around the one or more optical waveguides.

Abstract: An optical scanning device includes a waveguide array including a plurality of waveguides arranged in a first direction. Each waveguide includes: an optical waveguide layer that propagates light supplied to the waveguide in a second direction intersecting the first direction; a first mirror having a first reflecting surface intersecting a third direction; and a second mirror having a second reflecting surface that faces the first reflecting surface. The optical waveguide layer is located between the first and second mirrors and has a variable thickness and/or a variable refractive index for the light. The width of the first mirror and the width of the second mirror are each larger than the width of the optical waveguide layer. The first mirror has a higher light transmittance than the second mirror and allows part of the light propagating through the optical waveguide layer to be emitted in the third direction.

Abstract: An optical device includes: a first mirror having a first reflecting surface extending in a first direction and a second direction perpendicular to the first direction; a second mirror having a second reflecting surface; an optical waveguide layer that is located between the first and second mirrors and propagates light in the first direction; and an optical element that is disposed on the first mirror and emits incident light in a direction different from an incident direction. The optical element emits (1) incident light entering from the optical waveguide layer through the first mirror in a direction whose first direction component is smaller than that of an incident direction of the incident light by refraction and/or diffraction or (2) incident light entering from the outside in a direction whose first direction component is larger than that of an incident direction by refraction and/or diffraction.

Abstract: An optical scanning device includes a waveguide array including a plurality of waveguides arranged in a first direction. Each waveguide includes: an optical waveguide layer that propagates light supplied to the waveguide in a second direction intersecting the first direction; a first mirror having a first reflecting surface intersecting a third direction; and a second mirror having a second reflecting surface that faces the first reflecting surface. The optical waveguide layer is located between the first and second mirrors and has a variable thickness and/or a variable refractive index for the light. The width of the first mirror and the width of the second mirror are each larger than the width of the optical waveguide layer. The first mirror has a higher light transmittance than the second mirror and allows part of the light propagating through the optical waveguide layer to be emitted in the third direction.

Abstract: An optical device includes: two non-waveguide regions arranged in a second direction intersecting a first direction with a spacing therebetween; an optical waveguide region that is located between the two non-waveguide regions, contains a liquid crystal material, and propagates light in the first direction; and an alignment film that aligns the liquid crystal material. Each of the two non-waveguide regions includes a low-refractive index member having a lower refractive index than the liquid crystal material. The alignment film is located between the liquid crystal material and the low-refractive index members.

Abstract: An optical device includes: a first multilayer reflective film mirror; a second multilayer reflective film mirror facing the first multilayer reflective film mirror; an optical waveguide layer that is located between the first and second multilayer reflective film mirrors and propagates light whose wavelength in a vacuum is ?; and a first transparent electrode layer located at at least one position of a position between the first multilayer reflective film mirror and the optical waveguide layer, a position between the second multilayer reflective film mirror and the optical waveguide layer, a position between two adjacent layers included in the first multilayer reflective film mirror, and a position between two adjacent layers included in the second multilayer reflective film mirror. The transmittance of the first multilayer reflective film mirror for the light is higher than the transmittance of the second multilayer reflective film mirror for the light.

Abstract: An optical device includes a first waveguide that propagates light in a first direction; and a second waveguide including a first mirror, a second mirror, and an optical waveguide layer. The first mirror extends in the first direction and has a first reflecting surface, and the second mirror extends in the first direction and has a second reflecting surface. The optical waveguide layer is located between the first and second mirrors and propagates the light in the first direction. A forward end portion of the first waveguide is disposed inside the optical waveguide layer. In a region in which the first and second waveguides overlap each other when viewed in a direction perpendicular to the first reflecting surface, at least part of the first waveguide and/or at least part of the second waveguide includes at least one grating whose refractive index varies periodically in the first direction.

Abstract: A light-emitting apparatus includes; a light-emitting device including a photoluminescent layer that receives excitation light and emits light including first light having a wavelength ?a in air, and a light-transmissive layer located on or near the photoluminescent layer; and an optical fiber that receives the light from the photoluminescent layer at one end of the optical fiber and emits the received light from the other end thereof. A surface structure is defined on at least one of the photoluminescent layer and the light-transmissive layer, and the surface structure has projections or recesses or both and limits a directional angle of the first light having the wavelength ?a in air.