Abstract: The recording electrodes and the control electrodes of an ink jet recording head are alternately arranged on a substrate. Ink in which coloring material is distributed in a solvent is supplied to the recording electrode so that the ink can flow in the direction of the length of the recording electrode. An ink circulation part is provided for collecting surplus ink from the point of the recording electrode from which ink is discharged. As a result, an ink jet recorder, which can produce a high definition image without shifting the ink impact position on the recording medium, can be produced.

Abstract: An ink jet recording head has a plurality of ink-discharge electrodes and control electrodes and an opposed electrode arranged at a fixed spacing and grounded. A pulse voltage with a reversed polarity is applied to the control electrodes in synchronization with the superimposition of the pulse voltage on a bias voltage applied to the ink-discharge electrode when the ink is discharged. As a result, an ink jet recording apparatus, which can decrease the pulse voltage needed to discharge the ink, is provided with a simple configuration.

Abstract: An ink jet recording apparatus capable of obtaining a highly precise image for stabilizing an amount of ink to be flied onto a recording medium by supplying and recovering the ink, in an ink discharge unit within the recording head, due to a difference in height of positions where two ink chambers within the ink discharge unit are arranged.

Abstract: By employing a developer using ferrite system carriers, a developing process can be carried out using a low brushing force by a magnetic portion having the same polarity in a developing unit in a developing roller. A relationship between a circumferential speed Up (mm/sec) of a photoconductor, a ratio K of a circumferential speed of a developing sleeve of the developing roller to the circumferential speed of the photoconductor, and a developing potential difference .DELTA.V (V) is set to 1.5.ltoreq.(K.times..DELTA.V/Up).ltoreq.2.1.

Abstract: In a developing apparatus, a developing roller has a toner layer formed on a surface thereof, which toner layer is brought into contact with a photoconductor. A magnetic conveying roller having a magnet body is arranged rotatively close to the photoconductor. A regulating plate is provided at an outer periphery of the conveying roller.

Abstract: A developing apparatus in which a stationary multipole permanent magnet is placed in a sleeve and in which development is performed by bringing a developer, which contains at least carrier and toner particles and is held on the periphery of a sleeve by use of the magnetic force of the multipole permanent magnet, into contact with a photo-conductive body owing to the rotation of the sleeve. For securing image density and for preventing the deposition of carrier onto the photo-conductive body, two magnetic pieces, each of which is arranged lengthwise in the direction of the axis thereof and which have the same polarity, are placed in a region in the multipole permanent magnet which faces the photo-conductive body in such a manner as to adjoin in the circumferential direction of said permanent magnet. This results in generation of the distribution of a magnetic field which has two peaks of magnetic force.

Abstract: An electrostatic recording apparatus and a management system thereof wherein the recording apparatus includes a photoconductor drum having a cap provided at an opening of the drum and a photoconductor sheet wound on a portion of the drum other than the opening, with the photoconductor drum being rotated. The cap is electrified and a capacitor is provided between the cap and a terminal and charged through the cap to maintain the cap in an electrified state. A potential of the terminal is equal to a ground potential or a potential approximating the ground potential. Further, a controller is provided for discharging the electrified electric charge of the cap in response to a discharge instruction. A managing system may be provided for judging the state of the electrostatic recording apparatus.

Abstract: A parallel circuit of a capacitor and a varistor is connected between a ground and an aluminum cap of a photosensitive drum having a photoconductor sheet wound on a surface of an aluminum drum. The capacitor is charged by a charger. A developer roll connected to a bias voltage supply is provided with a retraction mechanism and is controlled so that the developer roll is separated from the drum mechanically upon start of operation of a recording apparatus until a potential of the cap is increased to a predetermined value and a developing agent layer does not come into contact with the cap. Alternatively to retraction of the developing roll, the developing roll may be stopped to control a height of bristle of developing agent or a bias voltage of the developer may be reversed.

Abstract: It has been discovered that a cause of a transfer member winding on an image carrier at the time of transfer is attributable to a discharge in a gap formed between a forward end of the image carrier and a transfer member transporter and is characterized in that the discharge in that gap is ineffectuated by being controlled. An image-forming apparatus capable of preventing not only the winding on the image carrier, but also the fouling of the forward end even when the transfer member is changed in size, is provided by controlling the discharge in the gap. The gap may be ineffectuated by being pressed physically using a guide, thereby preventing the discharge in the gap. As an alternative, the transfer charge amount is controlled in accordance with the position where the forward end of the image carrier passes the transfer element.

Abstract: A driving method is provided for an electrooptical device having scanning and signal electrodes arranged in a matrix with a plurality of picture elements formed in association with intersections of the electrodes. Voltages of high-frequency pulses are applied to both the scanning and signal electrodes, and a DC voltage pulse for setting the optical state of the electrooptical material is applied to the picture elements during a selected period for the scanning electrodes, while a high-frequency AC voltage for holding the previously set optical state of the electrooptical material is applied to the picture elements during a non-selected period for the scanning electrodes. A circuit is also provided for carrying out the method, and an electrooptical apparatus is provided employing the electrooptical device described above.

Abstract: An electrostatic recorder including an electrostatic latent image measuring instrument for measuring a state of an electrostatic latent image formed on a photosensitive substance, and executed a printing process until an electrostatic latent image formed on a surface of a photosensitive substance based on measured data is transferred onto a blank form as a visual image by a transfer device by adjusting control factors such as exposure, exposure time, electrostatic charge voltage, development bias, temperature and humidity. The electrostatic latent image measuring instrument is provided with distance sensors which, when a measuring electrode is disposed near to the photosensitive substance, maintains a constant distance therebetween. It is thus possible to measure an electrostatic latent image even if the photosensitive substance is eccentric.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for driving an optical printer having at least one liquid crystal optical switch including a ferroelectric liquid crystal layer interposed between a pair of substrates having electrodes on confronting surfaces thereof, the at least one liquid crystal switch being disposed between a light source and a photosensitive surface, a light transmission state of the at least one liquid crystal optical switch being controlled by application of a voltage signal to the at least one liquid crystal optical switch so as to control light transmission to the photosensitive surface. A first voltage signal is applied to the liquid crystal of at least one liquid crystal optical switch in a writing period in which the light transmission state is determined in accordance with a printing signal for printing. A second voltage signal having a DC component of one polarity is applied to the liquid crystal layer in a retention period.

Abstract: The invention relates to a liquid crystal optical switch array in which optical switch elements are opened and closed by the time-sharing drive and to an optical printer using this optical switch array. The optical switch element comprises a ferroelectric liquid crystal having a relaxative memory effect, signal electrodes and scanning electrodes which sandwich the liquid crystal layer, and a resistor element which is formed between the scanning electrode and the liquid crystal. A line selection signal is sequentially supplied to the scanning electrodes, these scanning electrodes become substantially the open state when the selection signal is not supplied. When the scanning electrodes are open, the resistor element has a predetermined resistance value. When the selection signal is supplied to the scanning electrodes, the resistor element has a lower resistance value.

Abstract: A printer for printing a desired print pattern on print regions of a paper having non-print regions including a light source, a control device including a plurality of optical switch elements having opposed electrodes with a ferroelectric liquid crystal material being interposed therebetween, and a photosensitive drum to which transmission light of the optical switch elements is radiated for enabling printing the pattern on the paper. The control device applies a positive or negative voltage between the opposed electrodes of each of the plurality of optical switch element selectively during a first period so as to control the quantity of transmission light between the opposed electrodes, and effects a short-circuit by simultaneously applying a substantially zero voltage between the opposed electrodes of all of the plurality of optical switch elements during a second period so as to reduce the quantity of non-uniform existence of ions in the ferroelectric light crystal material between the opposed electrodes.

Abstract: A multiplexed driving method of an optical switching element employing ferroelectric liquid crystal with a negative dielectric anisotropy including signal electrodes and common signal electrodes arranged in matrix and a ferroelectric liquid crystal layer disposed therebetween so as to constitute pixels at the respective facing portions of the signal electrodes and the common signal electrodes comprising a step of applying a common writing signal voltage to one of the common signal electrode to select pixels to which information be written, simultaneously applying a common status holding AC signal voltage to the other common signal electrodes covering non-selected pixels and simultaneously applying one of two signal pulses with opposite polarities to the signal electrodes, whereby resultant information writing voltages formed in combination of the common writing signal voltage and the signal pulses, which are enough to determine the orientation of the ferroelectric liquid crystal molecules, are applied on the

Abstract: In a driving method of an optical switch element for controlling a quantity of transmission light between opposed electrodes by interposing a transparent, high dielectric material between the opposed electrodes and applying a positive or negative voltage between the opposed electrodes, the improvement wherein a period in which the opposed electrodes are substantially short-circuited is disposed in order to make it possible to either reduce or eliminate stored charge.

Abstract: A driving method for an optical printer and an optical printer having a liquid-crystal light switching element including a ferroelectric liquid crystal sandwiched between a pair of plates provided with electrodes on adjacent surfaces thereof. The liquid-crystal light switching element is disposed between a light source and a movable photosensitive surface and controlled so as to at least one of transmit and block light from the light source to the photosensitive surface for enabling a printing operation. Voltages v.sub.1 and v.sub.2 are applied to the liquid-crystal switching element substantially in accordance with the equation ##EQU1## and the intensity of light from the light source incident on the liquid-crystal switching element is controlled so that incident light intensity during a period T.sub.2 is weaker than the incident light intensity during a period T.sub.1, where t.sub.0, t.sub.1, t.sub.2 and t.sub.3 represents times, T.sub.1 (=t.sub.1 -t.sub.

Abstract: In a display panel consisting essentially of a pair of substrates whose opposed surfaces are equipped with transparent conductive layers and at least one of which consists of an organic polymer film, and of a display member interposed between said pair of substrates, the improvement wherein said organic polymer film is a uniaxially stretched polyester film.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device is disclosed in which a liquid crystal material mixed with a dichroic dye is held between a pair of substrates whose facing surfaces are provided with electrodes, so that a picture element is made up of a pair of facing portions of the electrodes and a portion of the liquid crystal material sandwiched by the facing portions, in which a reflecting plate is adjacent to one of the substrates, and in which at least one of the substrates is formed of a birefringent material having slow and fast principal axes of birefringence. In the above device, an angle between the direction of the absorption axis of the dichroic dye and one of the principal axes of birefringence of the substrate is selected so that the contrast and viewing-direction characteristic of the device can be improved.

Abstract: An ignition distributor is disclosed for use in an internal combustion engine including a plurality of cylinders each fitted with an ignition plug. The distributor includes a plurality of fixed electrodes disposed in circumferential spaced relationship and electrically connected to the respective ignition plugs. A rotor electrode is provided which is electrically connected to a power source and rotatable to successively face the fixed electrodes with a narrow gap with rotation of the engine thereby distributing power to the respective ignition plugs. At least either of the rotor electrode and each of the fixed electrodes has its facing surface formed of conductive and insulating materials combined.