Abstract: A liquid crystal display is provided. The liquid crystal display includes a pair of substrates. The pair of substrates are disposed opposite to each other, having electrodes disposed above the opposed faces of the substrates. A nematic liquid crystal layer is disposed between the substrates and has a positive dielectric anisotropy. The electrodes are disposed above at least one of the substrates have slits. The centers of the slits are displaced from the centers of the electrodes disposed above the other substrate.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device is provided. In the liquid crystal display device, a whole face of an alignment layer disposed above a substrate is uniformly subjected to first alignment treatment (uniform treatment) such as rubbing treatment in an a direction. Second alignment treatment is performed in a b direction (second direction) making an angle of about 90 degrees with the a direction and in a c direction (third direction) opposite to the a direction such that regions narrow than regions subjected to the first alignment treatment. This allows micro-regions subjected to alignment treatment in the a, b, and/or c direction to be present at intersections of zones extending in the b or c direction. The micro-regions are located in light-shielding sections.

Abstract: To realize a diffusion film in which arbitrary control of the diffuse light intensity distribution characteristics, and an angular range of diffusion does not change with respect to an incoming light from a specific angular range and a light-outgoing direction converting element that is high in efficiency of conversion of the outgoing direction, and has no limit in the angle of conversion of the outgoing direction, and to provide a thin-model high-quality projection display using the same as a screen.

Abstract: A rear projection display screen with a simplified structure that displays a high-quality image without the occurrence of stray light and moiré fringing is provided. The rear projection display screen includes a scattering film 2 that uniformly scatters light incident from an angle in a specific angular range (from ?? to ??) within a specific angular region (from ? to ?), and has a viewing angle of 40° or more in either the vertical direction or the horizontal direction or both the vertical direction and the horizontal direction. The rear projection display screen of the present invention may include a protective plate 3 disposed on the scattering film, if necessary, the protective plate 3 protecting the scattering film.

Abstract: The liquid crystal display device of the present invention includes a pair of substrates, a liquid crystal layer placed between the pair of substrates and an alignment film placed on the side of at least one of the pair of substrates facing the liquid crystal layer. The liquid crystal layer has a first region in which the pretilt direction of liquid crystal molecules of which the alignment is regulated with alignment regulating force of a surface of the alignment film is a first direction and a second region in which the pretilt direction is a second direction different from the first direction. Display is performed using bend alignment of the first region of the liquid crystal layer.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device includes: a liquid crystal panel including a pair of substrates being disposed so as to oppose to each other and having electrodes and alignment films formed respectively on the opposing surfaces thereof, and liquid crystal layer in which nematic liquid crystal encapsulated between the pair of substrates is aligned in the horizontal direction to be at substantially 0° in twist angle by giving a pretilt in a predetermined direction by the alignment film, a polarizing plate(s) being arranged on the front side and back side of the liquid crystal panel and being set in direction of polarization to provide a black level when a drive voltage to be applied between the electrodes is brought into an OFF state, and optical compensating means disposed between the polarizing plate(s) and the liquid crystal panel for performing optical compensation for the liquid crystal layer.

Abstract: In a measuring method for determining values of viscosity coefficients of a liquid crystal by fitting Ericksen-Leslie theoretical values to measured response characteristics, in the first step, ON response characteristics of a liquid crystal cell 10 with homogeneous alignment are initially measured, and a value of a rotational viscosity coefficient ?1 is determined from the measured ON response characteristics. Then, in the second step, OFF response characteristics are measured, and values of Miesovicz shear viscosity coefficients ?1 and ?2 are determined from the measured OFF response characteristics. In the calculation in the first step, the viscosity coefficients other than ?1 are assigned general values. In the calculation in the second step, ?1 is assigned the value determined in the first step.

Abstract: The three-side trimmer comprises an alignment station (F) for receiving booklet bundle (32) and aligning the booklets, and a cutting station (D) for cutting the top, bottom and fore edges of the bundle, and a chuck mechanism (40) which holds the bundle and conveys it to the cutting station. The cutting station has a cutting table (23), a top edge cutting knife (43), a bottom edge cutting knife (44), a fore edge cutting knife 42, and a pressing plate 48 movable between a waiting position and a working position. An encoder reads the data about the rotational position of the servomotor (38) in the chuck mechanism while it holds the booklet bundle. The control portion (25) measures the height of the bundle and controls a driving mechanism of the pressing plate such that the pressing plate moves up and down between waiting and working positions.

Abstract: When a transition voltage, which is higher than a display voltage for image display, is applied to liquid crystal, the liquid crystal can transition to a bend alignment. Therefore, by applying a transition voltage to liquid crystal prior to image display period only for a transition time which depends on a transition voltage so as to cause a bend transition in the liquid crystal, an OCB mode LCD with a high speed response can be obtained. An interval d between pixel regions is set to be less than, for example, a transition distance of 5 ?m, so that a bend transition expands over inter-pixel regions to thereby achieve a bend transition all over the display region. In an active matrix type LCD, a electrical field is caused to be generated between a common electrode and data lines or gate lines disposed between pixel electrodes due to application of a transition voltage to the common electrode, thereby obtaining a bent transition over the entire surface of the display screen.

Abstract: When a transition voltage, which is higher than a display voltage for image display, is applied to liquid crystal, the liquid crystal can transition to a bend alignment. Therefore, by applying a transition voltage to liquid crystal prior to image display period only for a transition time which depends on a transition voltage so as to cause a bend transition in the liquid crystal, an OCB mode LCD with a high speed response can be obtained. An interval d between pixel regions is set to be less than, for example, a transition distance of 5 ?m, so that a bend transition expands over inter-pixel regions to thereby achieve a bend transition all over the display region. In an active matrix type LCD, a electrical field is caused to be generated between a common electrode and data lines or gate lines disposed between pixel electrodes due to application of a transition voltage to the common electrode, thereby obtaining a bent transition over the entire surface of the display screen.

Abstract: A light-diffusing layer 16 having at least a bicontinuous phase structure is formed by coating a substrate 14a with a coating liquid composition containing a plurality of resins being different in refractive index with each other, drying the substrate, and heating the resultant to cause spinodal decomposition from the resin-containing layer on a transparent substrate. A transparent conductive layer (or a transparent electrode) 17 may be formed on the light-diffusing layer 16 of the substrate 14a. A liquid crystal cell 13 of a reflective liquid crystal display apparatus may be formed by facing the transparent conductive layer 17 with a reflection electrode 19 formed on the other substrate 14b, and sealing a liquid crystal 18 between a pair of electrodes, 17 and 19.

Abstract: The liquid crystal display device of the present invention includes a pair of substrates, a liquid crystal layer placed between the pair of substrates and an alignment film placed on the side of at least one of the pair of substrates facing the liquid crystal layer. The liquid crystal layer has a first region in which the pretilt direction of liquid crystal molecules of which the alignment is regulated with alignment regulating force of a surface of the alignment film is a first direction and a second region in which the pretilt direction is a second direction different from the first direction. Display is performed using bend alignment of the first region of the liquid crystal layer.

Abstract: A transmittable light-scattering sheet (a transmitting type light-scattering sheet) of the present invention comprises a plurality of layers, each having a bicontinuous structure composed of a plurality of polymers. The layers differ from each other in average period size of the bicontinuous structure. The sheet may comprise, for example, a first layer having a bicontinuous structure (e.g., the average period size of the bicontinuous structure of 1.5 to 4 &mgr;m) and a second layer each having a bicontinuous structure (e.g., the larger average period size of the bicontinuous structure than that of the first layer by 0.5 to 8 &mgr;m). In the sheet, the first layer may be next to the second layer. The ratio of the period size of the first layer to that of the second layer may be the first layer/the second layer=1.3/1 to 4/1. Such a sheet can impart a directionality to a reflected light.

Abstract: There are disclosed an optical storage device for accessing an optical recording medium such as a phase change type of optical disk and an optical magnetic disk, and a liquid crystal device preferably applicable to such a optical storage device. The liquid crystal device has a structure that two liquid crystal layers, each of which has stripe-like shaped electrodes arranged in a direction perpendicularly intersecting one another, are superposed. This structure makes it possible to effectively correct an aberration caused by a change in a depth from a surface of an optical recording medium to a condensing point, for example, in cases of unevenness in thickness of a protective layer and a multi-layer recording.

Abstract: A light-diffusing layer 16 having at least a bicontinuous phase structure is formed by coating a substrate 14a with a coating liquid composition containing a plurality of resins being different in refractive index with each other, drying the substrate, and heating the resultant to cause spinodal decomposition from the resin-containing layer on a transparent substrate. A transparent conductive layer (or a transparent electrode) 17 may be formed on the light-diffusing layer 16 of the substrate 14a. A liquid crystal cell 13 of a reflective liquid crystal display apparatus may be formed by facing the transparent conductive layer 17 with a reflection electrode 19 formed on the other substrate 14b, and sealing a liquid crystal 18 between a pair of electrodes, 17 and 19.

Abstract: A light-scattering film 10 is obtained by subjecting a birefringent material in a resin layer to orientation treatment, in which at least one component selected from a transparent resin 6 and a scattering material 7 is the birefringent material (e.g., a birefringent resin, a liquid crystalline material). According to the light-scattering film, in the case where a linear polarized light in which a vibrating direction and a propagating direction exist in a plane containing a surface-directional axis of the film and a thickness-directional axis of the film is incident at a film surface, the rectilinear transmittance of the incident light shows maximum at an oblique incident direction to the film surface (e.g., incident angle of 20 to 89°).

Abstract: There are disclosed an optical storage device for accessing an optical recording medium such as a phase change type of optical disk and an optical magnetic disk, and a liquid crystal device preferably applicable to such a optical storage device. The liquid crystal device has a structure that two liquid crystal layers, each of which has stripe-like shaped electrodes arranged in a direction perpendicularly intersecting one another, are superposed. This structure makes it possible to effectively correct an aberration caused by a change in a depth from a surface of an optical recording medium to a condensing point, for example, in cases of unevenness in thickness of a protective layer and a multi-layer recording.

Abstract: There are disclosed an optical storage device for accessing an optical recording medium such as a phase change type of optical disk and an optical magnetic disk, and a liquid crystal device preferably applicable to such a optical storage device. The liquid crystal device has a structure that two liquid crystal layers, each of which has stripe-like shaped electrodes arranged in a direction perpendicularly intersecting one another, are superposed. This structure makes it possible to effectively correct an aberration caused by a change in a depth from a surface of an optical recording medium to a condensing point, for example, in cases of unevenness in thickness of a protective layer and a multi-layer recording.

Abstract: It is an object to provide a reflective LCD apparatus to obtain a wider view angle and a desired black view. A reflective LCD apparatus according to the invention comprises a phase difference film (retardation film), a liquid crystal layer and a reflector for reflecting incident light.

Abstract: The reflective liquid crystal display device comprises a polarizing plate 11 disposed forwardly of the liquid crystal cell 16, a reflecting means 15 disposed on backside of the liquid crystal cell, and a light-scattering sheet 12 disposed forwardly of reflecting means. The light-scattering sheet can be prepared by phase-separating a plurality of resins varying in refractive index due to spinodal decomposition and forming a light-scattering layer scattering an incident light isotropically. The light-scattering layer has a ratio of a linearly transmitted light to an incident light of 0.1 to 15% and has a phase separation structure having an average interphase distance of 3 to 15 &mgr;m. The light-scattering layer expresses a light-scattering intensity profile having substantially flat area at scattering angle &thgr; of 3 to 12° from a scattering center.