Abstract: A combination of an optical element and an antireflection film, the optical element being provided with a microlens array and configured to diverge a light beam, the maximum angle of a diverged ray to a reference axis being D, wherein in each microlens Z / P ? 0 . 8 is satisfied, where Z represents distance between the vertex and the bottom and P represents the diameter of the smallest circle enclosing the bottom and the antireflection film being designed such that { T ? ( 0 ) / T ? ( D ) } / { T ? ( 0 ) / T ? ( D ) } ? 0 . 8 ? 5 is satisfied, where T(0) and T(D) respectively represent transmittance of the film formed on a substrate made of the material of the optical element for incident rays at 0 and D, and T?(0) and T?(D) respectively represent transmittance of the substrate without an antireflection film for incident rays at 0 and D, wherein the combination is configured so as to realize a target intensity distribution of diverged rays.

Abstract: A frequency conversion device includes a modulation unit configured to receive electromagnetic waves at a first frequency output from a wave source as input waves, and output output waves as a result of modulation to a second frequency higher than the first frequency. The modulation unit includes a modulation circuit formed by a metamaterial configured to receive the input waves and generate modulated waves. The modulation circuit generates modulated output waves as a result of time modulation of the input waves in accordance with a refractive index on which time modulation is performed based on control on at least one of dielectric constant and magnetic permeability.

Abstract: A liquid pharmaceutical preparation for subcutaneous administration in human containing 28.2 ?g of teriparatide or a salt thereof (Component 1) in a unit dose in terms of teriparatide, wherein the Component 1 concentration is from 80 to 240 ?g/mL. This liquid pharmaceutical preparation is excellent in the viewpoint of pharmacokinetics.

Abstract: A mobile telecommunications system includes a plurality of base stations each being communicatable with a mobile station by radio. A telecommunications network accommodates the plurality of base stations for switching communications to the plurality of base stations. A system center is connected to the telecommunications network for selecting an optimum route on the basis of instantaneous traffic conditions. Any of the base stations sends to the mobile station base station data representative of the base station. When the mobile station sends a guidance request for requesting route guidance data, the telecommunications network reports the guidance request to the system center. The system center selects, in response to the guidance request, an optimum route matching instantaneous traffic conditions and transmits optimum route data representative of the optimum route to the mobile station over the telecommunications network.

Abstract: A mobile telecommuncations system has multiple base stations each defining a miniature service zone and capable of communicating with mobile stations present in the service zone over a radio link. Geographically associated ones of the base stations are spaced apart from each other by an area which is not responsive to electromagnetic waves on the radio links, whereby the base stations are allowed to share the same frequency for the electromagnetic waves. The base stations are interconnected to an on-road vehicle telecommunications network which switches communications to the base stations.