Abstract: The present invention provides a transparent substrate capable of improving the light extraction efficiency of an organic electroluminescence device, and an organic electroluminescence device with high luminous efficiency and with excellent mass productivity using the substrate. The present invention relates to a transparent substrate for an organic electroluminescence device characterized in that an optical interference film comprising at least one layer having such a refractive index and a film thickness as to reduce a quantity of reflection of light emitted from a light-emitting layer is provided on both sides of the transparent substrate in the organic electroluminescence device, and to an organic electroluminescence device comprising the transparent substrate.

Abstract: The present invention provides a transparent substrate capable of improving the light extraction efficiency of an organic electroluminescence device, and an organic electroluminescence device with high luminous efficiency and with excellent mass productivity using the substrate.

Abstract: Provided are a transparent substrate capable of improving the light extraction efficiency of an organic electroluminescence device, and a practical organic electroluminescence device using the substrate.

Abstract: An alignment treating agent for a liquid crystal cell, which comprises a polyimide resin of the formula (I): wherein R1 is a tetravalent organic group constituting a tetracarboxylic acid or its derivative, R2 is a bivalent organic group constituting a diamine, and m is a positive integer, provided that at least 10 mol % of R2 is a bivalent organic group selected from the group consisting of: wherein X is H, OH, an alkyl group, an alkoxy group, a carboxyl group, an acyl group or a halogen atom, said polyimide resin being made insoluble in an organic solvent by coating a precursor solution of said polyimide resin on a substrate, followed by heating.

Abstract: The present invention enables siloxanes which have a detrimental effect on the quality of products during semiconductor production to be efficiently removed from silicon compound gases, and enables minute amounts of siloxanes in these gases to be accurately measured to a few ppb, thus allowing for improvements in quality control by offering silicon compound gases of high purity. Diatomaceous earth M filled into a removal column 2 is heated by heating means provided on the removal column 2, while an inert gas such as nitrogen or helium is fed from an inert gas delivery pipe 13 via a pressure regulator 5 and an entry valve 6 into the removal-column 2, and is allowed to flow out through an outlet valve 8 in order to thermally activate the diatomaceous earth M. After activation, the removal column is cooled to a temperature of 60-0° C.

Abstract: The present invention enables siloxanes which have a detrimental effect on the quality of products during semiconductor production to be efficiently removed from silicon compound gases, and enables minute amounts of siloxanes in these gases to be accurately measured to a few ppb, thus allowing for improvements in quality control by offering silicon compound gases of high purity. Diatomaceous earth M filled into a removal column 2 is heated by heating means provided on the removal column 2, while an inert gas such as nitrogen or helium is fed from an inert gas delivery pipe 13 via a pressure regulator 5 and an entry valve 6 into the removal column 2, and is allowed to flow out through an outlet valve 8 in order to thermally activate the diatomaceous earth M. After activation, the removal column is cooled to a temperature of 60-0.degree. C.

Abstract: The present invention enables siloxanes which have a detrimental effect on the quality of products during semiconductor production to be efficiently removed from silicon compound gases, and enables minute amounts of siloxanes in these gases to be accurately measured to a few ppb, thus allowing for improvements in quality control by offering silicon compound gases of high purity. Diatomaceous earth M filled into a removal column 2 is heated by heating means provided on the removal column 2, while an inert gas such as nitrogen or helium is fed from an inert gas delivery pipe 13 via a pressure regulator 5 and an entry valve 6 into the removal column 2, and is allowed to flow out through an outlet valve 8 in order to thermally activate the diatomaceous earth M. After activation, the removal column is cooled to a temperature of 60-0.degree. C.

Abstract: A diaminobenzene derivative of the formula (I): ##STR1## wherein each of P and Q which may be the same or different from each other, is a single bond, or a bivalent organic group selected from the group consisting of --O--, --COO-- and --CONH--, R.sub.1 is a C.sub.2-22 straight chain alkylene group, and R.sub.2 is a cyclic group selected from the group consisting of an aromatic ring, an aliphatic ring, a heterocyclic ring and substituted forms of such rings.

Abstract: A diaminobenzene derivative of the formula (I): ##STR1## wherein each of P and Q which may be the same or different from each other, is a single bond, or a bivalent organic group selected from the group consisting of --O--, --COO-- and --CONH--, R.sub.1 is a C.sub.2-22 straight chain alkylene group, and R.sub.2 is a cyclic group selected from the group consisting of an aromatic ring, an aliphatic ring, a heterocyclic ring and substituted forms of such rings.

Abstract: A liquid crystal alignment film made of a polyimide which has, on its side chain, a benzene or biphenyl ring substituted by a monovalent substituent having a positive value as the .sigma.p value under Hammett's rule.

Abstract: A treating method for aligning liquid crystal molecules, which comprises forming on a substrate a polyimide film represented by a repeating unit of the formula (I): ##STR1## wherein R is a bivalent organic group, irradiating the film with ultraviolet rays having a spatial distribution of irradiation intensity through a mask, immersing it in a developing liquid and then in a rinsing liquid to form periodical concaves and convexes on the surface of the polyimide film, and aligning liquid crystal molecules on the concave-convex surface.

Abstract: An agent for alignment treatment for a liquid crystal cell, which comprises an organic solvent-soluble polyimide obtained by reacting and polymerizing a tetracarboxylic acid component with a diamine component and a dicarboxylic acid component containing a long chain alkyl group and/or a monoamine component containing a long chain alkyl group, followed by imide-formation.

Abstract: An agent for vertical orientation treatment consisting essentially of a polyimide which contains a linear alkyl group having at least 12 carbon atoms in an amount of at least 5% by weight of the alkyl group to the total weight of the polyimide, and which, when a coating film of the polyimide is formed on a substrate, has a surface energy of not more than 38 dyn/cm.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an alignment treating agent for a liquid crystal cell, which comprises an organic solvent-soluble polyimide resin comprising a tetracarboxylic acid and a diamine, at least 10 mol % of the diamine having a bivalent organic group selected from the group consisting of: ##STR1## The aligned film for a liquid crystal using the solvent-soluble polyimide resin of the present invention does not require a heat treatment at a high temperature at the time of forming a resin film and enables to use a substrate poor in heat-resistance, and alignment properties such as a tilt angle and a voltage maintenance of the aligned film are not deteriorated even after durability test at a high temperature.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a liquid crystal alignment treating agent which comprises a polyimide resin prepared from a diamine including an aromatic diamine having at least one linear alkyl group of at least 6 carbon atoms per benzene ring as the essential component and a tetracarboxylic acid and its derivative.The liquid crystal alignment treating agent obtained in accordance with the present invention comprises a polyimide resin having an alkyl group on a side chain, and accordingly provides a liquid crystal-aligned film containing liquid crystal molecules stably having an enhanced inclined alignment angle (tilt angle) to a substrate.

Abstract: A positive photosensitive polyimide resin composition which comprises 100 parts by weight of an organic solvent-soluble polyimide resin and 1-100 parts by weight of an .omicron.-quinonediazide compound, said polyimide resin being composed of the repeating units represented by formulas [I] and [II] below ##STR1## (where R.sub.1 is a divalent organic group to constitute a diamine which has one or more groups of at least one kind selected from the group consisting of phenolic hydroxyl group, carboxyl group, thiophenol group, and sulfonic group; R.sub.3 is a divalent organic group having no phenolic hydroxyl group, carboxyl group, thiophenol group, and sulfonic group; and R.sub.2 and R.sub.4 each are a tetravalent organic group constituting a-tetracarboxylic acid and a derivative thereof when R.sub.1 has one or more groups of at least one kind selected from the group consisting of carboxyl group and sulfonic group and has no phenolic hydroxyl group and thiophenol group, or R.sub.2 and R.sub.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a novel fluorine-containing diaminobenzene derivative having a perfluoroalkyl group and to a novel fluorine-containing polyimide which is produced from the said diaminobenzene as a starting material and to a novel polyimide having both a fluorine-containing group and/or a siloxane chain in the side chain thereof, the polyimide being produced from the said fluorine-containing diaminobenzene and fluorine-containing polyimide and to a liquid crystal-aligning agent with an elevated tilt angle, which contains a polyimide having a fluorine-containing group and a siloxane chain.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a novel fluorine-containing diaminobenzene derivatives having a perfluoroalkyl group and to a novel fluorine-containing polyimide which is produced from the said diaminobenzene as a starting material and to a novel polyimide having both a fluorine-containing group and/or a siloxane chain in the side chain thereof, the polyimide being produced from the said fluorine-containing diaminobenzene and fluorine-containing polyimide and to a liquid crystal-aligning agent with an elevated tilt angle, which contains a polyimide having a fluorine-containing group and a siloxane chain.

Abstract: A ferroelectric liquid crystal element comprising a pair of substrates each having a transparent electrode and an orientation controlling film formed on the electrode, and ferroelectric liquid crystal sandwiched between the substrates in contact with the film, wherein said orientation controlling film is an organic polymer film treated by rubbing treatment and capable of giving nematic liquid crystal a pretilt angle of at least 10.degree. to the substrate surface.

Abstract: A polyimide resin composed essentially of repeating units represented by the general formula: ##STR1## where R is a divalent aromatic hydrocarbon radical.