Abstract: Provided is an image-forming apparatus including: an electrophotographic photosensitive member including a support, a photosensitive layer, and a protective layer in the stated order; a charging unit; an exposing unit; a developing unit; a transferring unit; and a cleaning unit configured to clean off the toner, which remains on the electrophotographic photosensitive member after the transfer of the toner image from the electrophotographic photosensitive member by the transferring unit, with a cleaning blade, wherein the electrophotographic photosensitive member includes, on a surface thereof, a fatty acid metal salt-supplying unit configured to supply a fatty acid metal salt having 16 or more and 18 or less carbon atoms, and wherein the protective layer has a triphenylamine structure, one of an acryloyloxy group and a methacryloyloxy group, and a specific structure.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photosensitive member having a protective layer wherein the density unevenness among output images is reduced with abrasion resistance maintained is provided. The present invention is an electrophotographic photosensitive member having a support, a photosensitive layer and a protective layer in this order, wherein the protective layer has a triarylamine structure and a cyclic structure represented by the formula (1) or (2): and an A value expressed by expression (4), A=S1/S2, wherein, in expression (4), S1 is a peak area based on in-plane deformation vibration of terminal olefin (CH2?), and S2 is a peak area based on stretching vibration of C?O among peak areas of a spectrum obtained by measuring a surface of the protective layer by total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy using Ge as an internal reflection element and using a measurement condition of 45° as an incidence angle is from 0.065 to 0.100.

Abstract: The present invention provides an electrophotographic photosensitive member sequentially including: a support; a photosensitive layer; and a protection layer formed on the support, wherein the protection layer has a triarylamine structure and a specific cyclic structure, and a specific A-value obtained by measurement using total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy is 0.010 or more and 0.050 or less.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photosensitive member includes a support, a charge generating layer containing a charge generation material, and a charge transporting layer containing a charge transport material in this order, the charge transporting layer serving as a surface layer. The charge transporting layer contains a polycarbonate resin having a particular structural unit.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photosensitive member includes a support, a charge generating layer containing a charge generation material, and a charge transporting layer containing a charge transport material in this order, the charge transporting layer serving as a surface layer. The charge transporting layer contains a polycarbonate resin having a particular structural unit.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photosensitive member includes a support member, a charge generating layer containing a phthalocyanine pigment as a charge generating material, a charge transport layer containing a charge transporting material in this order. The charge generating layer has a thickness of less than 200 nm, and the phthalocyanine pigment includes phthalocyanine crystalline particles having a particle size distribution and satisfies a requirement that the volume average of the products of ?i and ?i is 0.31 or more.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photosensitive member includes a support and a photosensitive layer in this order. The photosensitive layer contains a chlorogallium phthalocyanine crystal obtained by mixing a hydroxygallium phthalocyanine crystal and an aqueous hydrochloric acid solution.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photosensitive member includes a substrate and a photosensitive layer containing a phthalocyanine pigment. The crystalline particles of the phthalocyanine pigment have a crystallite correlation length r and a particle size R of 400 nm or less, and a parameter k defined by r/R is in the range of 0.17 to 0.42.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photosensitive member with suppressed potential variation even in the case that a protective layer including a cured material of a composition having a polymerizable functional group is used is provided. An electrophotographic photosensitive member including a support, a charge generation layer, a charge transport layer containing a charge transporting material, and a protective layer, in the order presented, wherein the charge transport layer contains a polycarbonate resin having a structure selected from a group A and a structure selected from a group B, and the protective layer includes a cured material of a composition containing a compound having at least a functional group selected from chain-polymerizable functional groups and sequential polymerizable functional groups.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photosensitive member includes a support, a charge generating layer containing a charge generation material, and a charge transporting layer containing a charge transport material in this order, the charge transporting layer serving as a surface layer. The charge transporting layer contains a polycarbonate resin having a particular structural unit.

Abstract: The present invention provides: an electrophotographic photosensitive member which reduces image defects due to ghosting not only under a normal temperature and normal humidity environment but also even under a low temperature and low humidity environment; and a novel phthalocyanine crystal. The electrophotographic photosensitive member of the present invention comprises a photosensitive layer which comprises a phthalocyanine crystal in which a N,N-dimethylformamide is contained. The content of the N,N-dimethylformamide is 0.1% by mass or more and 1.5% by mass or less based on the phthalocyanine crystal.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photosensitive member includes a support and a photosensitive layer in this order. The photosensitive layer contains a chlorogallium phthalocyanine crystal obtained by mixing a hydroxygallium phthalocyanine crystal and an aqueous hydrochloric acid solution.

Abstract: In an image forming apparatus in which an electrostatic image is formed on an electrophotographic photosensitive member using at least a process of a pseudo halftone formed by dots as a method of representing gradation, the electrophotographic photosensitive member is provided on a surface thereof with a plurality of recessed portions of 0.5 ?m more and 5 ?m or less in depth and 20 ?m or more and 80 ?m or less in longest diameter of an opening, when a square region of 500 ?m×500 ?m is arbitrarily extracted on the surface of the electrophotographic photosensitive member, in the square region, a total area of the recessed portions is 10000 ?m2 or more and 90000 ?m2 or less and a total area of a flat portion contained in a portion other than the recessed portion is 80000 ?m2 or more and 240000 ?m2 or less, and an arrangement (A) of the plurality of recessed portions is such an arrangement that an image quality lowering index (f) calculated by specific processing is 14% or less.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photosensitive member includes a support and a photosensitive layer in this order. The photosensitive layer contains a chlorogallium phthalocyanine crystal represented by formula (1) in which at least one organic compound selected from N,N-dimethylformamide and dimethyl sulfoxide is contained. The content of the organic compound contained in the chlorogallium phthalocyanine crystal represented by the formula (1) is 0.10 mass % or more and 0.80 mass % or less based on a content of the chlorogallium phthalocyanine crystal represented by the formula (1).

Abstract: An electrophotographic photosensitive member includes a support and a photosensitive layer in this order. The photosensitive layer contains a chlorogallium phthalocyanine crystal. The chlorogallium phthalocyanine crystal has one or more peaks in each of a wavelength range of 646 nm or more and 668 nm or less and a wavelength range of 782 nm or more and 809 nm or less in an absorption spectrum. When a peak with a maximum absorbance among the peaks in the wavelength range of 646 nm or more and 668 nm or less is assumed to be a first peak and a peak with a maximum absorbance among the peaks in the wavelength range of 782 nm or more and 809 nm or less is assumed to be a second peak, an absorbance of the first peak is larger than an absorbance of the second peak.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photosensitive member can provide images in which black spots and fogging are suppressed and density unevenness due to coating unevenness of the charge generation layer is suppressed. The charge generation layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member contains a gallium phthalocyanine crystal, a nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compound, and an amide compound represented by a formula (1), and a nitrogen atom in a heterocyclic ring of the nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compound has a substituent.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photosensitive member capable of outputting an image with suppressed positive ghosting, and a process cartridge and an electrophotographic apparatus each having the electrophotographic photosensitive member are provided. The electrophotographic photosensitive member has a photosensitive layer including a phthalocyanine crystal in which the compound represented by the formula (1) is contained, wherein the content of the compound represented by the formula (1) is 0.1% by mass or more and 1.7% by mass or less based on the phthalocyanine crystal.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photosensitive member including a support, and a charge generating layer and a charge transporting layer on the support, wherein the charge generating layer includes a gallium phthalocyanine crystal in which an organic compound is contained, wherein the organic compound is at least one compound selected from the group consisting of dimethylsulfoxide, N,N-dimethylformamide, N-methylformamide, N-propylformamide, N-vinylformamide and N-methylpyrrolidone, the content of the organic compound is 0.1% by mass or more and 1.5% or less based on a gallium phthalocyanine in the gallium phthalocyanine crystal, and the charge transporting layer includes a polyester resin having a structural unit represented by formula (1). A-B??(1).

Abstract: An electrophotographic photosensitive member includes a substrate and a photosensitive layer containing a phthalocyanine pigment. The crystalline particles of the phthalocyanine pigment have a crystallite correlation length r and a particle size R of 400 nm or less, and a parameter k defined by r/R is in the range of 0.17 to 0.42.

Abstract: The present invention provides: an electrophotographic photosensitive member which reduces image defects due to ghosting not only under a normal temperature and normal humidity environment but also even under a low temperature and low humidity environment; and a novel phthalocyanine crystal. The electrophotographic photosensitive member of the present invention comprises a photosensitive layer which comprises a phthalocyanine crystal in which a N,N-dimethylformamide is contained. The content of the N,N-dimethylformamide is 0.1% by mass or more and 1.5% by mass or less based on the phthalocyanine crystal.